Valentine v. State’s Empirical Analysis
1979
Citation profile
25 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 25 later decisions — most recently December 2009 · most notably Werner v. State (1986), Walters v. State (2007)
25 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Sheppard v. State · Sternlight v. State · Jones v. State
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 25 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[a] person ought to retreat, if he can do so safely, before taking human life.... By measuring the existence and extent of the retreat obligation in terms of the ordinary person in the actor’s situation, it is contemplated that the factfinder will make a moral judgment on whether the defendant in a specific case ought to have retreated before threatening or using deadly force.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“By defining the term ‘reasonable belief as it did, the court instructed the jury that a reasonable apprehension of danger, whether it be actual or apparent, is all that is required before one is entitled to exercise the right of self-defense against his adversary.” Id. And we observed that”
2 later decisions quote this exact passagee.g. Walters v. State · Venegas v. State“(1) if he would be justified in using force against the other under [Penal Code] Section 9.31; (2) if a reasonable person in the actor's situation would not have retreated; and (3) when and to the degree he reasonably believes the deadly force is immediately necessary: (A) to protect himself against the other’s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force; or (B) to prevent the other’s imminent commission of aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. Dannhaus v. State
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.