¶1The counsel on both sides agree as to the correctness of the proposition that all concerned in an assault and battery are principals, and that one who incites another to commit such an offense is guilty and may be prosecuted as principal, although he did not otherwise participate in the wrongful act. In Brown v. Perkins, 1 Allen, 89, 98, Bigelow, C. J., states the rule upon this subject as follows: “Any person who is present at the commission of a trespass, encouraging or exciting the same by words, gestures, looks, or signs, or who in any way or by any means countenances or approves the same, is in law deemed to be an aider and abettor, and liable as principal; and proof that a person is present at the commission of a trespass, without disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from which, in connection with other circumstances, it is competent for the jury to infer that he assented thereto, lent to it his countenance and approval, and was thereby aiding and abetting the same.” 3 Greenl. on Ev., § 41; Whart. on Crim. Law, § 616; Sikes v. Johnson, 16 Mass., 389; Frantz v. Lenhart, 56 Pa. St., 365. But, as the learned judge in Brown v. Perkins remarks, it is to be borne in mind that mere presence at the commission of a trespass or other wrongful act does not render a person liable as a participator therein. If he is only a spectator, innocent of any unlawful intent, and does no act to countenance or approve those who are actors, he is not to be held liable on the ground that he happened to be a looker-on and did not *76use active endeavors to prevent the commission of the unlawful acts. State v. Maloy, 44 Iowa, 104; State v. Jones, 83 N. C., 605; Lamb v. People, 96 Ill., 73. But any encouragement or aid given the principal actor, any concert of action in the execution of the unlawful design, will amount to a guilty participation in the trespass.
¶2Now, is there any evidence in this case from which a jury would be justified in finding that the defendants Gruber, Herman and Holrit, encouraged or incited Stroebel to commit the assault and battery upon the plaintiff? We think there is. After Stroebel first struck the plaintiff at Boden’s,-the defendants were heard by Glantz talking about the plaintiff not far from his saloon. They came to Glantz’s saloon together, and seemed to be acting' in concert. Some of the defendants talked with the plaintiff about a horse trade, and tried to pick a quarrel with him. And when Stroebel rubbed his fist under plaintiff’s nose, the defendant Gruber took off his coat and “ wmnted to go at ” plaintiff, but was held back by Glantz. Then, when Glantz had taken Stroebel aside and requested him to let plaintiff alone, Stroe-bel addressed these defendants, saying: “Gentlemen, you keep still; Henry is right,” — showing that he had some authority over them. Soon, again, there was conversation about Catholics, when Holrit addressed the plaintiff and said he was a Catholic, and, though “ a cripple, could lick him yet.” These defendants watched Stroebel when he followed the plaintiff out of Glantz’s saloon and again struck him. When Glantz himself was going out to prevent Stroebel from beating the plaintiff, Herman kept him back, told him he had no business to go out, and even struck him. These and other acts and words of the defendants might well authorize the jury in finding that the defendants were acting in concert with Stroebel; that they were encouraging him in his assault upon the plaintiff; that they stood ready to assist him should any one interfere to prevent him from beating *77the plaintiff. Certainly these* words and acts were sufficient to carry the case to the jury upon, the question whether these three defendants were not present encouraging, aiding, or exciting Stroebel in the commission of the trespass complained of. The nonsuit was therefore erroneous.
¶3By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and a new trial ordered.