Benner v. Oswald’s Empirical Analysis
592 F.2d 174 · 1979
Citation profile
11 federal appellate · 5 district · 6 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 38 later decisions — most recently February 2024 · most notably United States v. Hawkins (1987), Henderson v. Fisher (1980)
11 federal appellate · 5 district · 6 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Roe v. Wade · San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez · Reynolds v. Sims · McGowan v. State of Maryland Gallagher · Shapiro v. Thompson
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 38 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“ ‘rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of the State’s objective.’ ”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The Court believes it is unquestionable that from the foregoing facts the Commonwealth has direct participation in determining at least some of the members of the Board of Trustees, that the Commonwealth does review [PSU’s] expenditure of Commonwealth funds, that the legislature intended [PSU] to be a state educational institution, that the Attorney General of Pennsylvania has consistently regarded [PSU] as such an institution, that [PSU] partakes of benefits available for its capital development, that it relies exclusively upon the general state authority for such development, and that [PSU] is substantially dependent on Commonwealth subsidies. Therefore, the requisite amount of "significant involvement” by the Commonwealth in [PSU’s] affairs is present and ... [PSU’s] actions are “state actions.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority““. .. state action can be found, either (1) when the state and the entity whose activities were challenged are joint participants in a symbiotic relationship or (2) where the entity is pervasively regulated by the state and a sufficient means exists between the state and the challenged activity. If the former situation is found to exist, all of the entity’s actions are state actions and a means between any state regulation and the action need not be shown.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.