256
FEDEBAL REPORTER.
poor and useless shift to attempt to shelter themselves behind the opinions, whether official or unofficial, of lawyers who advised them to do so. ' Still, the fact that these defendants did seek and accept legal advice is an indication of good faith, and is a fact proper to be considered, even if the advioe which they took mislead them into the commission of a penal offence. With these remarks I will leave the jury to deal themselves with the question whether the rejection of the votes under consideration was done in good faith or with wrongful intent, and will only remark that if that question is left in doubt by the evidence, the defendants are entitled to the benefit of the doubt.
IN RE CAMILLE. (Circuit Court, D. Oregon. November 2, 1880.) 1. NATURALIZATION-WHITE PERSON.
A person of half white and half Indian blood is not a "white person," within the meaning of this phrase as used in the naturalization laws, and therefore he is not entitled to be admitted to citizenship thereunder.
Petition to be Admitted to Citizenship. DEADY, D. J. Frank Camille petitions to be admitted to become a citizen of the United States, under section 2167 of the Revised Statutes, as an alien who has resided in the United States the three years next preceding his. arriving at the age of 21 years, and without having made the declaration of his intentions in that respect required in the first condition of section 2165 of the Revised Statutes. From the evidence it appears that the applicant was born at Kamloops, in British Columbia, in 1847, and at the age of 17 came to Oregon, where he has ever since resided, and that he is otherwise entitled to admission, if he is a "white perBon," within the meaning of that phrase as used in setition 2167 of the Revised Statutes, as amended by the act of Feb-
IN BE C4Mlz.,LE. ".
ruary 18 J 1875, (18 St. 31$.) His father was a white Canadian, and his mother an Indian woman of British Columbia, and he is, therefore, of-half Indian "blood. In '1'6 Ah Yup, 5 Sawy. 155, it was held by Mr. Justice Sawyer that words "white person," as used in the naturalization laws, mean a person of the Caucasian race, and do ,not include one "who belongs to the Mongolian race. In the course of the opinion says: "Words in a statute, other than technical terms, should be taken in their ordinary sense. T.he. words ·white person,' as well argued by petitioner's counsel, taken in a strictly literal sense, constitute a very indefinite description ofa cl,ass of persons, where none can be said to be literally white, and those called white may be found of every shade from the lightest to the most swarthy brunette. But these words in this country, at least, have undoubtedly acquired a well-settled meaning in common popular speech, and they are constantly used in the literat1,lre of the country, as well as in common parlance. As ordinarily used everywhere in the United States, one would scarcely fail to understand that the party employing the words ' person' would intend a person of the Caucasian race." From the same reasons it appears that the words "white person» do not, and were not intended to, include the red race of America. Chancellor Kent, in considering this subject, (2 Com., 72,) says that "it may well be doubted" whether "the copper-colored natives of America, or the yellow or tawney races of the Asiatic," "are · white persons' within the purview ofthe law." In all classifications of mankind hitherto, color has been & controlling circumstance, and for that reason Indians have never, ethnologically, been considered white persons, or included in any such designation. From the first our naturalization laws only applied to the people who had settled the country-the Europeans or white race-and so they remained until in 1870, (16 Stat. 256; § 2169 Rev. St.,) when, under the pro-negro feeling, generated and inflamed by the war with the southern states, and its political consequences, congress was driven at once to the other "v.6,no.3-17
258
FEDERAL REPORTER.
e'Xtreme, and opened the door, not only to persons of African descent, hut to allth()se "of African nativity "-thereby proffering the boon of American citizenship to the comparatively savage and strange inhabitants of the "dark continent," while withholding it from the intermediate and much-betterqualified red and yellow races. However, there is this to be said in excuse for this· seeming inconsistency: the negroes of Africa were not likely to emigrate to this country, and therefore the provision concerning them was merely a harmless piece of legislative buncombe, while the Indian and Chinaman were in our midst, and at 'our doors and only too willing tu assume the mantle of American sovereignty, which we ostentatiously offered to the African, but denied to them. The conclusion being that an Indian is not a "white person" within the purview of the naturalization laws, the question arises, what is the status in this respect of the petitioner, who is a person of one-half Indian blood? In Louisiana, if the proportion of African blood did not exceed oneeighth, the person was deemed white; and this was the rule in the colonial code nair of France, and approved in Carolina. 2 Kent. '72, note b. In Ohio it has been held that a person nearer white than black or red was a white person, within the provision in the state constitution of 1802, limiting the privilege of voting to the "white male inhabitants," etc.; but that where the colored blood was equal to or pl'eponderated over the white blood, the person was not white. In Jeffries v. Ankeny, 11 Ohio, 372, it was held that the offspring of a white man and a half-breed Indian woman was a voter; "that all nearer white than black, or of the grade between the mulattoes and the whites, were entitled to enjoy every political and socialprivilege of the white citizen." See Gray v. The State, 4: Ohio, 353; Thacker v. Hawk, 11 Ohio, 377; Lane v. Baker, 12 Ohio, 237. Upon these authorities, and none other have come under my observation, the petitioner is not entitled to he considered a white man. As a matter of fact, he is as much an Indian
CUTTING
V.
CUTTING.
259.
as a white person, and might be classed with the one race as properly as the other. Strictly speaking, he belongs to neither. . The power. to say when and under what circumstances aliens may become American citizens belongs to congress. Citizenship is a privilege which no one has a right to demand; and in construing the acts of. congress upon the subject of' naturalization, the courts ought not to go beyond what is plainly written. The petitioner is not a "white person" in fact, nor can he be so considered upon any reasonable construction of the statute, or within any rule that has ever been promulgated on the subject. The application is denied.
CUTTING and others. March 29, 1881.)
(Circuit Oourt,
n. Oregon.
Upon the death of a married settler, under section 4 of the donation act, (9 St. 497,) before receiving a patent for the donation, and without having exercised the power to sell or devise the same, his interest therein is granted to his widow and children or heirs, and they take as the direct donees of the United States, and not by descent from such settler; and therefore the property cannot be sold by the administrator to pay his debts. 2. CmLDREN.
The word "children," as used in section 4 of the donation act, Ineludes grandcbildren ; sO that the children of a deceased child are entitled by right of representation to a child's part in the donation occupied thereunder by their grandparents. CHILDREN OR HEIRS.
3.
The grant of the interest of a deceased settler in the donation to his "children or heirs," as provided in section 4 of the donation act, takes effect in favor of the children first, and to the heirs only in default of children. . 4. HEIRS OF A DECEASED SETTLER.
The heirs of a deceased settler, under section 4, are such persons as the local law-the law of Oregon-makes his heirs.