majority">Gridley, Justice.

The first proposition on which the defendants ask to have the injunction in this cause dissolved is, that the ground stated in the affidavit fails when it appears that the plaintiff has parted with his twenty-six acres of land, and it is insisted that he can not resort to the additional fact that Geere purchased the Barton lot subject to the payment of all incumbrances. This reasoning proceeds on the principle stated by Justice Sill in the case of Millikin agt. Carys (5 Howard, 272) that the complaint, though positively sworn to, can not be used as an affidavit for the purpose of obtaining an injunction. With great respect for the opinions of Justice Sill, I can not concur with him in this conclusion. His views, in respect to the principles of pleading in suits in equity may be right, or they may be wrong. It is possible that it is not competent now to set up all the minute circumstances that formerly might have been embraced in a bill in equity, in a complaint under the present system. But it must be remembered that what the Code has abolished, is the action for discovery in aid of the prosecution of another action {Code, § 389). In the same action you may, under the present system, obtain a discovery under oath as to all the facts which may be legitimately stated in a pleading. It is enacted that every material allegation in a pleading, not specifically controverted, is admitted for the purposes of the action {Code, § 168). It should not be forgotten that a complaint in equity, in some of its important aspects, bears a close analogy to a declaration in the old action on the case. In that action, the plaintiff was accustomed to set out the facts of his case, entitling him to relief particularly and at large, as may be seen by consulting the precedents in Chittfs Pleading, in actions on the case for torts, to the person, to personal property and to real property. It may be sufficient to refer to the declarations in actions of slander and libel where special *211damages are claimed. The pleader can not content himself by stating the legal conclusion that the defendant uttered actionable words against him, whereby he sustained damages. But he must set out the particular words, and in many cases state the particular circumstances under which they were uttered; and when special damage is claimed, the particular way and manner by which the loss or damage occurred. Under the present system, since the forms of actions are abolished, every action is one upon the case; that is, founded on the particular facts of the case set forth in the complaint. So, in a complaint in equity, in most cases where an injunction is prayed for, it is competent to set out the facts which constitute the foundation of the right, with particularity and minuteness. In many cases the facts are so stated that no additional affidavit beyond that verifying the complaint, will become necessary, except in cases where the plaintiff can not swear to all the facts from positive knowledge. In such a case it was always necessary to have the affidavit of a third person. It seems to me, that where the complaint states all the facts necessary to lay the foundation for an injunction, and the plaintiff swears to this positively, it is too narrow a construction of the Code, not to regard the complaint thus verified, as an affidavit. It would be a useless act to restate all the facts, of the complaint over again in the form of an affidavit; and I can not think the legislature intended it to be done. The opinion of Justice Sill is adverse to the decisions in Roome agt Webb (3 How. Pr. R. 327), Krom agt. Hogan (4 id. 225), and Schoonmaker agt. Dutch Church (5 id. 265), and in my judgment is founded on too great a refinement in the construction of the statute.

2. The plaintiff’s counsel insists that in and by the conveyance of Barton to Geere, the premises were conveyed subject to the payment of the $531*50, secured by the Barton mortgage. If that be the true construction of the language contained in the deed, then, the conveyance amounts to an agreement between Geere and the plaintiff, that Geere should assume and pay off the same. And, in general, “ a conveyance, subject to a mortgage” is held to mean "subject to the payment of such mortgageun*212less there be something to indicate a different intention (Jumelvs. Jumel, 7 Paige, 591, 594, 595; see also 9 Paige, 432, Curtis vs. Tyler; Haley vs. Reed, id. 446; 2 Barb. Ch. R. 618). If this conveyance thus warrants the construction put upon it by the plaintiff’s counsel, it becomes, as evidence, a controlling fact, and is not to be contradicted by parol proof, except with a view of reforming the instrument. On an examination of the deed, however, especially when taken in connexion with the covenant of warranty, I do not think it can be regarded as a conveyance of the land subject to the payment of the Barton mortgage. It may have possibly been so intended, but it is not so expressed as to bear that legal construction. The phrase in question is not inserted as a part of the granting clause of the deed, but is a simple recital in an independent sentence as follows: “ The above described premises are subject to a mortgage to David Barton and Benjamin Sweet.” After which follows the usual covenant of warranty against all incumbrances. The language of the deed is not, that the premises are conveyed subject to the mortgage, thus making it a condition of the conveyance, and a part of the agreement; but it amounts only to the statement of a fact, which is not inconsistent with the covenant afterwards inserted. Such, I think, is the legal construction of the deed, which leaves the question litigated on this motion open to parol proof, without incurring the objection of contradicting a sealed instrument.

3. The ground on which the affidavit of the defendants place the merits of this motion is, that when the joint purchase was made of Sweet, and the deed was executed by Barton, there was a sum to be paid on the other lot, which Geere and the plaintiff agreed to pay doum ; and that Geere paid his part down, which left the plaintiff to pay $100 of this sum from his private funds, and that he borrowed of Barton the $100, and $50 more, making $150, which was his private debt to pay; and that for that reason he put in the mortgage his own twenty-six acres to secure this $150, as his own individual debt, which it really was, and that the mortgage was drawn, embracing the twenty-six acres and the $150 of his private debt, to save the giving of two mortgages.

*213Under the old system, a responsive answer, positively sworn to, where there wrere no suspicious circumstances, entitled the defendant to a dissolution of the injunction (1 J. Ch. Rep. 211; 2 id. 202; 4 id. 26; 4 Paige, 111; 1 Paige, 164). And this, notwithstanding the plaintiff, might have witnesses to prove the equity of his bill. Under the present practice, where the motion is made on affidavits and may be opposed by affidavits of any number of witnesses, it becomes a matter of judicial discretion, whether to dissolve the injunction or not. It may, however, be laid down as a general rule, that where the plaintiff has an opportunity to answer the affidavits produced on the part of the defendant by the affidavits of his witnesses, as well as his own, and fails to make a successful answer to the motion, the balance of the evidence being decidedly in favor of the defendants, the motion to dissolve the injunction will be granted. It will be regarded as an additional reason for granting the motion, that the main facts on which the motion is opposed, are sworn to only by the plaintiff, who can not be a witness on the trial, and his statement is contradictory to that of several persons who are competent witnesses.

Such, I am compelled to say, is the case with this motion. Geere swears to all the facts from absolute knowledge. Mr. Barton swears to the fact of the giving of the mortgage; that the plaintiff’s twenty-six acres were included to save the necessity of giving two mortgages to secure the $ 150, which the plaintiff admitted distinctly to be his own private debt. Reader swears to a distinct admission by the plaintiff, that the $ 150 parcel of the $53T50 mortgage was his own debt to pay. And Asa Geere, Calvin Bently and William W. Smith, swear to the same admission. This allegation, thus fortified by so many witnesses, is denied by the plaintiff alone; and the plaintiff on the trial can not be a witness. The only other affidavits on the part of the plaintiff are made by persons who heard Geere say that he had taken the Barton lot subject to the Barton mortgage. This he admits to be true; but insists that by the Barton mortgage, he only meant the $38T50, which was the true consideration *214and balance of the purchase price of the Barton lot, and did not embrace the private debt of Minor; which he regarded as chargeable on the twenty-six acres of Minor’s individual property. It certainly is not probable that Minor should include his private property to secure a joint demand of himself and Geere, when, if the Barton lot alone was not adequate security, there is no question that the Barton lot and Dean lot together, were an abundant security.

The motion must be granted, so far as to allow the sale of enough of the twenty-six acres to raise the $150 and interest, and costs of foreclosure.

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