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*297The opinion of the court was pronounced by

Williams, Ch. J.'

— The legislature have regulated the subject of keeping inns and houses of entertainment, both with a view to revenue, and and also for the purpose of having suitable persons, and none but such, engaged in that business. This was necessary for the comfort and convenience of the traveler or stranger, who for a time have to become inmates of their houses. The selectmen and civil authority of the town must in the first place nominate, and the county court are to license such only as are nominated, and assess them, for the purpose of revenue, such sums as they think proper, between one, and thirty dollars. The persons thus licensed must provide suitable refreshments, provisions and accommodations for'travelers, put up a sign, have a shed, &c. and have the exclusive privilege of keeping such houses. It has been customary and usual to keep spirits, wine, &c., but this is not required by the statute. To prevent persons not licensed, and who pay nothing, from interfering with the regular business of the innkeeper, and to prevent improper persons from keeping houses of public entertainment, the legislature have inflicted a penalty on any one, not having a license to keep an inn or house of public entertainment, who should presume to become a common innkeeper or keeper of a house of public entertainment; and further, to prevent any one, whether under the guise of an innkeeper or otherwise, not licensed as aforesaid, from selling liquor, they have also inflicted a penalty on any one who should publicly or privately sell any liquors.

It is apparent that two distinct offences are contemplated and guarded against by the statute; one, keeping a house of public entertainment, or being a common innkeeper; another, the selling of liquors, either publicly or privately, which was intended to be exclusively the business of the innkeeper. Where an innkeeper has been duly approbated and licensed, and paid his assessment, and is engaged in his proper business, it equally interferes with that business, if another person either keeps a house of public entertainment or sells liquor in small quantities. And furthermore, without such approbation and license, improper persons might keep a house of public entertainment, which would be highly injurious to the order and peace of a village or town; and travelers would also be imposed upon, not having that guaranty for the integrity and uprightness of their host which would be inferred from an appro- *298> bation by the selectmen and civil authority of a town. The statute which was passed last fall, and which comes into operation the first day of April next, recognizes this distinction.. Innkeepers under that statute must be approbated as before. If they sell liquors, they must pay an assessment of from three to fifty dollars; if they do not, they only pay twenty-five cents for their license. If it is asked, what is keeping an inn or house of entertainment, it will be readily answered by the common sense and understanding of every one. It is keeping a house, publicly, openly and notoriously, for the entertainment and accommodation of travelers and others, for a reward. In short, it is, in the quaint and expressive language commonly made use of, providing refreshment and entertainment for mary and beast. On looking at this case, we learn that the respondent did every thing which is usually and commonly done by innkeepers, for the entertainment of travelers and others; that he had the custom, which is usually considered as the most profitable custom, to wit — the stages stopped and the passengers breakfasted at his house; that he had a sign, on which, however, were painted the words, “ Boarding Housethat he had a shed and bar appurtenant to the house, and for the accommodation of customers, as innkeepers use their sheds and bars. We can have no doubt that this constituted the offence charged in the indictment, if an inn or house of public entertainment can be .kept without selling liquors. The testimony which was offered by the respondent, and excluded by the court, was certainly irrelevant. For what purpose could it have been necessary or proper for him to show, that he had a license for keeping a victualling house — a house kept for a purpose altogether different from an inn or house of entertainment, regulated upon different principles and for a different object ? If the respondent had only kept a victualling house, whether with or without license, he could not have been found gtiilly under this indictment; and so the jury were instructed; and it would have been as proper to have introduced in evidence a license as a retailer or pedlar, as a license to keep a victualling house. It was not the subject of inquiry, whether the respondent was guilty or not guilty of an offence against the act regulating victualling houses. The county court, it seems, gave the jury instructions as to what constituted keeping a victualling house or cellar under the statute of Nov. 6, 1830, and no objections were made to their instructions in this particular; an A *299further instructed the jury, that if the respondent only kepi a victualling house or boarding house, they must return a verdict of not guilty. The license offered was of no consequence, and was properly excluded from being given in evidence. Equally improper was the evidence offered as to there being but one tavern in Manchester. If the authority of the town did not correctly understand and do • their duty, it affords no excuse for a violation of the statute. For any thing which appears, the respondent was rightly convicted 'of the offence charged in the indictment, and judgment must be rendered on the verdict for the penalty incurred by the respondent; and as this case does not come within the provisions of the statute passed in November, 1830, the court can only sentence the respondent to pay one penalty of ten dollars.

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