60 Wis. 2d 683 - State v. Cydzik’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

8 federal appellate · 114 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 126 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. ““Parties to crime. (1) Whoever is concerned in the commission of a crime is a principal and may be charged with and convicted of the commission of the crime although he did not directly commit it and although the person who directly committed it has not been ¿convicted or has been convicted of some other degree of the crime t>r of some other crime based on the same act. “ (2) A person is concerned in the commission of the crime if he: “(a) Directly commits the crime; or “(b) Intentionally aids and abets the commission of it; or “(c) Is a party to a conspiracy with another to commit it or advises, hires, counsels or otherwise procures another to commit it. Such a party is also concerned in the commission of any other crime which is committed in pursuance of the intended crime and which under the circumstances is a natural and probable consequence of the intended crime. This paragraph does not apply to a person who voluntarily changes his mind and no longer desires that the crime be committed and notifies the other parties concerned of his withdrawal within a reasonable time before the commission of the crime so as to allow the others also to withdraw.””

   3 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 130 Wis. 2d 34 - State v. Zelenka · 199 Wis. 2d 575 - State v. Glenn

2. ““. . . Defendant claims error in the failure of the information to set forth the specific subsection of the party-to-a-crime statute relied upon. The statute does not require that a defendant be specifically charged with violation of the section, stating instead, ‘Whoever is concerned in the commission of a crime is a principal.’ This court has held that it is not mandatory to refer to the party-to-a-crime section, giving as one reason the fact that ‘it is often difficult to tell in advance of filing the information whether to charge the defendant as the principal or under this section as a party to the crime.’ This reason applies to reference to a subsection at least as much and as well as it does to reference to the section. Where reference to the party-to-a-crime section is not mandatory, we see no reason to hold referring to a particular subsection to be required. . . .””

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 68 Wis. 2d 217 - State v. Shears · 61 Wis. 2d 262 - Hardison v. State

3. ““A person intentionally aids and abets the commission of a crime when, acting with knowledge or belief that another person is committing or intends to commit a crime, he knowingly either (a) renders aid to the person who commits the crime, or (b) is ready and willing to render aid, if needed, and the person who commits the crime knows of his willingness to aid him. If a person intentionally aids and abets the commission of a crime, then that person is guilty of the crime as well as the person who directly committed it.””

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 110 Wis. 2d 226 - State v. Sharlow · 119 Wis. 2d 591 - State v. Ivy