Cross v. Baxter’s Empirical Analysis
604 F.2d 875 · 1979
Citation profile
27 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 49 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2001 · most notably Abrams v. Johnson (1997), United States v. Marengo County Commission (1984)
27 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Washington v. Davis · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · White v. Regester · County of Los Angeles v. Chavez-Salido · Mobil Alaska Pipeline Co. v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 49 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) equality of access of minority group members to the political process; (2) whether past discrimination has the present effect of discouraging minority members’ participation in the electoral process; (3) whether the governmental policy underlying the use of multimember districts is tenuous; and (4) the responsiveness of the government body in question to the needs of the minority community.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“be sufficiently detailed that [we] can ascertain the factual and legal basis for the district court's ultimate conclusion.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.