Jordan v. Winter’s Empirical Analysis
1984
Citation profile
6 federal appellate · 2 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 26 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently February 2019 · most notably Bush v. Al Vera Lawson (1996), Westwego Citizens for Better Government v. City of Westwego (1991)
6 federal appellate · 2 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1331 · 28 U.S.C. § 2284 · 42 U.S.C. § 1973 (§ 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965) · 42 U.S.C. § 1973C (§ 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965) · 42 U.S.C. § 1973J (§ 12 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965)
Relies on Reynolds v. Sims · City of Mobile v. Bolden · White v. Regester · Rogers v. Lodge · East Carroll Parish School Board v. Marshall
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 26 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“That Mississippi has a long history of de jure and de facto race discrimination is not contested. That history has been often recounted in judicial decisions and includes the use of such discriminatory devices as poll taxes, literacy tests, residency requirements, white primaries, and the use of violence to intimidate blacks from registering for the vote. The State is a covered jurisdiction under the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Attorney General has designated 42 of the counties in Mississippi for federal registrar enforcement of the right to vote. We find that the effects of the historical official discrimination in Mississippi presently impede black voter registration and turnout. Black registration in the Delta area is still disproportionately lower than white registration.... Blacks hold less than 10 percent of all elective offices in Mississippi, though they constitute 35 percent of the state’s population and a majority of the population of 22 counties.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“if, based on the totality of circumstances, it is shown that the political processes leading to nomination or election in the State or political subdivision are not equally open to participation by members of a class of citizens protected by subsection (a) in that its members have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice. 25”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Thomas v. Bryant“[B]lacks consistently lose elections in Mississippi because the majority voters choose their preferred candidates on the basis of race. We therefore find racial bloc voting operates to dilute black voting strength....”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.