Christophel v. Kukulinsky’s Empirical Analysis
61 F.3d 479 · 1995
Citation profile
39 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 93 later decisions — most recently February 2021 · most notably Dickerson v. Mcclellan (1996), Moldowan v. City of Warren (2009)
39 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth · Mitchell v. Forsyth · Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill · Malley v. Briggs
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 93 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Qualified immunity involves a three-step inquiry. First, we determine whether, based upon the applicable law, the facts viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs show that a constitutional violation has occurred. Second, we consider whether the violation involved a clearly established constitutional right of which a reasonable person would have known. Third, we determine whether the plaintiff has offered sufficient evidence “to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights.””
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] defendant's right to appeal the denial of qualified immunity does not turn on the phrasing of the district court's order. . . . Even when the district court denies summary judgment without stating its reasons for doing so, a court of appeals may decide the legal question underlying the qualified immunity defense.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“whether the plaintiff has asserted a violation of a constitutional right at all.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.