United States v. Ruffin’s Empirical Analysis
613 F.2d 408 · 1979
Citation profile
65 federal appellate · 1 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 80 later decisions — most recently March 2023 · most notably United States v. Concepcion (1992), United States v. Margiotta (1982)
65 federal appellate · 1 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1084 · 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 18 U.S.C. § 242 · 18 U.S.C. § 371 · 18 U.S.C. § 656 · 18 U.S.C. § 660 · 18 U.S.C. § 875 · 26 U.S.C. § 7214
Relies on United States v. Munsingwear, Inc. · Stirone v. United States · United States v. Menasche · Ingraham v. Wright · Roberts v. Louisiana
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 80 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[w]hoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“guilty as a principal even though the agent who committed the act [was] innocent....”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“causes the commission of an indispensable element of the offense by an innocent agent or instrumentality, is guilty as a principal even though he intentionally refrained from the direct act constituting the completed offense.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.