Spirides v. Reinhardt’s Empirical Analysis
613 F.2d 826 · 1979
Citation profile
85 federal appellate · 59 district · 21 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 248 later decisions — most recently January 2024 · most notably Armbruster v. Quinn (1983), Wheeler v. Hurdman (1987)
85 federal appellate · 59 district · 21 state decisions — followed in 13 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. · United States v. United States Gypsum Co. · Brown v. General Services Administration · National Labor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc. · Securities & Exchange Commission v. C. M. Joiner Leasing Corp.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 248 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) the kind of occupation, with reference to whether the work usually is done under the direction of a supervisor or is done by a specialist without supervision; (2) the skill required in the particular occupation; (3) whether the “employer” or the individual in question furnishes the equipment used and the place of work; (4) the length of time during which the individual has worked; (5) the method of payment, whether by time or by the job; (6) the manner in which the work relationship is terminated; i.e., by one or both parties, with or without notice and explanation; (7) whether annual leave is afforded; (8) whether the work is an integral part of the business of the “employer”; (9) whether the worker accumulates retirement benefits; (10) whether the “employer” pays social security taxes; and (11) the intention of the parties.”
93 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such person....”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[¡Individuals who are independent contractors or those not directly employed by such an employer are not protected [by the 1972 amendments]. Status as an employee is therefore of crucial significance for those seeking to redress al leged discriminatory actions in federal employment.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.