United States v. Middlebrooks’s Empirical Analysis
618 F.2d 273 · 1980
Citation profile
64 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 75 later decisions — most recently August 2020 · most notably United States v. Vera (1983), United States v. Parodi (1983)
64 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Glasser v. United States · Iannelli v. United States · Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Newman Oil Co. · Babich v. United States · Texas v. Louisiana
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 75 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Intentional participation in a criminal conspiracy, however, “need not be proved by direct evidence; a common purpose and plan may be inferred from a ‘development and a collocation of circumstances.’ ” Moreover, to be guilty of a single conspiracy, the “conspirators need not know each other or be privy to the details of each enterprise comprising the conspiracy ... as long as the evidence is sufficient to show that each defendant possessed full knowledge of the conspiracy’s general purpose and scope.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“When a defendant takes the stand in his own behalf, any unnecessary comments by the court are too likely to have a detrimental effect on the jury's ability to decide the case impartially.... This is especially true where the judge's remarks are directed to the defendant.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Derden III v. McNeel“The conspirator must knowingly agree to join others to bring about a common goal.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.