Karnes v. Skrutski’s Empirical Analysis
62 F.3d 485 · 1995
Citation profile
47 federal appellate · 13 district · 21 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 123 later decisions — most recently February 2020 · most notably Sharrar v. Felsing (1997), Ferris v. State (1999)
47 federal appellate · 13 district · 21 state decisions — followed in 11 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 28 U.S.C. § 1343 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. · Terry v. Ohio · Anderson v. Creighton · Mapp v. Ohio · Malley v. Briggs
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 123 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Although the nature of the totality of the circumstances test makes it possible for individually innocuous factors to add up to reasonable suspicion, it is 'impossible for a combination of wholly innocent factors to combine into a suspicious conglomeration unless there are concrete reasons for such an interpretation.'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““Reid [v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438 , 100 S.Ct. 2752 , 65 L.Ed.2d 890 (1980),] and Sokolow, taken together, demonstrate it is not enough that law enforcement officials can articulate reasons why they stopped someone if those reasons are not probative of behavior in which few innocent people would engage — the factors together must serve to eliminate a substantial portion of innocent travelers before the requirement of reasonable suspicion will be satisfied. This is a totality of the circumstances test.””
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The test for reasonable suspicion is a totality of the circumstances inquiry.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Hedges v. Musco · Dana Hedges
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.