Howard v. Voshell’s Empirical Analysis
1992
Citation profile
6
cited by 6 later decisions
3
states following
January 2007
most recently cited
1 district · 5 state decisions
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Delaware v. Prouse · United States v. Martinez-Fuerte · 9 Va. App. 139 - Murphy v. Commonwealth · Olney v. Cooch
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 6 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[a]s to the general issue of avoiding police confrontations, [t]he majority of jurisdictions which have addressed the issue of flight have held that the mere act of avoiding confrontation does not create an articulable suspicion”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. State v. Heapy“the lack of an identifiable way for a police officer to determine whether motorists 1,000 feet away from the checkpoint truly had notice of what lay ahead to be significant”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. State v. Heapy
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.