United States v. Bernard’s Empirical Analysis
623 F.2d 551 · 1979
Citation profile
81 federal appellate · 9 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 122 later decisions — most recently July 2019 · most notably United States v. Castillo (1988), United States v. Spilotro (1986)
81 federal appellate · 9 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 18 U.S.C. § 3500 · 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 21 U.S.C. § 812 (§ 202 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Brady v. State of Maryland · Brinegar v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio · United States v. Watson · Whiteley v. Warden, Wyoming State Penitentiary
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 122 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“ ‘Conduct innocent in the eyes of the untrained may carry entirely different “messages”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“entitled to rely on observations and knowledge of [other agents] even though some of the critical information had not been communicated to him”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the officers involved were working in close concert with each other and the knowledge of one of them was the knowledge of all”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.