624 F. Supp. 1276 - United States v. Yonkers Board of Education’s Empirical Analysis
1985
Citation profile
31 federal appellate · 7 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 83 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2016 · most notably Spallone v. United States (1990), United States v. Yonkers Board of Education (1987)
31 federal appellate · 7 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 20 U.S.C. § 1701 (§ 202 of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974) · 20 U.S.C. § 2701 · 28 U.S.C. § 1343 · 28 U.S.C. § 1345 · 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 1997 (Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000C
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Younger v. Harris · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 83 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“It is indisputable that a hypothetical single state agency which controls the operation of, and engages in the racial segregation of, both housing and schools — by confining for racial reasons the city’s subsidized housing to one section of the city, while simultaneously adhering to a neighborhood school policy of student assignment — can be held liable for such conduct. It is inconceivable that state action may be fractionalized such that two state agencies could be permitted collectively to engage in precisely the same conduct, yet avoid legal accountability for the identical result.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“In performing this inquiry, we have examined the actions of many officials who, we are certain, were entirely well-meaning public servants acting in accordance with their perception of what was feasible in the political and socioeconomic circumstances of Yonkers and in the best interests of that community. In many instances, acts were taken by elected officials in response to strong constituent pressures and perceptions of political reality.””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a pattern and practice of racial discrimination by City officials, pursued in response to constituent pressure to select or support only sites that would preserve existing patterns of racial segregation, and to reject or oppose sites that would threaten existing patterns of segregation.” Id. at 1373 . 3 .”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.