¶1delivered the opinion of the court.
¶2This is a proceeding by mandamus, instituted under §§ 14 and 29 (pp. 1244, 1248, Wagn. Stat.), against the clerk of a township board of education, to compel a compliance with the duties those sections enjoin.
¶3The basis of this procedure is an alleged school warrant in this form:
¶5July 1st, 1870,
¶6Treasurer of Township No. 36, Range 29. County of Vernon, State of Missouri: 'Pay to W. A. Smith, or order, the sum of seventy-seven dollars, with ten per cent, interest from date until paid, for school merchandise furnished sub-district No. 1 of said township. W. A. Harris, District Clerk, Post office, Nevada City, Mo. J. A. Neafers,
¶7Smith indorsed in blank the above instrument to the company whose treasurer is the relator in the present proceedings.
¶8The return to the alternative writ, among other things, alleged that there was an entire failure of consideration of the warrant referred to, that the “school merchandise” therein mentioned was never furnished, and that the promises of Smith to deliver the furniture contracted for, consisting of a chair, desk, maps, etc., were false and fraudulent, and made with the view and intent to cheat the local directors.
¶9On the final hearing the failure of consideration was indisputably established.
¶10The position taken here by relator that evidence was inadmissible to show lack of consideration is clearly untenable. This is apparent from this consideration: that it was not a negotiable instrument. The law respecting orders of the character under discussion, does not clothe them with any of the attributes of negotiability, nor allow them to bear interest. While no form is prescribed, yet the statute distinctly prohibits a.ny order from being paid, unless it state in whose favor drawn, for what purpose, on what fund, and the amount to be paid ; (§ 29, supra), so that it is by no means clear, even if no failure of consideration had been proven, that the relator would have been entitled to compulsory process with respect to the instrument in question. But be this as it may, we are satisfied both upon reason and the former adjudication of this court (McGee vs. Larrimore, 50 Mo. 425; McClellan vs. Reynolds, 49 Mo. 312) that an order on the township clerk for the payment of money is not negotiable, was never designed by the law makers to possess any such characteristic; *290and therefore, that any defense could be made against the claims of an indorsee as would have been available in first hands.
¶11It is further insisted for the relator, that Harris, whose name is signed to the paper in controversy, should not have been permitted to testify in regard to a failure of consideration for the reason that Smith, the payee, was dead. There was no evidence offered of Smith’s death; and had there been, this must present no obstacle whatever to Harris’ testimony, as Smith was not a party to the suit, and Harris, the witness, was not one of the original contracting parties. (Looker vs. Davis, 47 Mo. 140; Klosterman vs. Loos, 58 Mo. 290.)
¶12For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the lower court, refusing a peremptory writ, must be affirmed.