Hall v. Bradshaw’s Empirical Analysis
630 F.2d 1018 · 1980
Citation profile
13 federal appellate · 4 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 34 later decisions — most recently June 2010 · most notably Mellen v. Bunting (2003), Jager v. Douglas County School District (1989)
13 federal appellate · 4 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on McGowan v. State of Maryland Gallagher · Lemon v. Kurtzman · School District of Abington Township Pennsylvania v. Schempp J Murray III · Everson v. Board of Education · Walz v. Tax Comm'n of City of New York
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 34 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“merely reflect[s] this fact of our history and no longer ha[s] any potentially entangling theological significance”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[b]y placing its imprimatur on the particular kind of belief embodied in any prayer, the state necessarily offends the sensibilities not only of nonbelievers but of devout believers among the citizenry who regard prayer 'as a necessarily private experience.'”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“is undeniably religious and has, by its nature, both a religious purpose and effect.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.