Toops v. State’s Empirical Analysis
1994
Citation profile
14 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 15 later decisions — most recently April 2017
14 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Lopez v. State · Clemens v. State · Evans v. State · 149 Cal. App. Supp. 3d 14 - People v. Pena · Jarrett v. State
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 15 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) the act charged as criminal must have been done to prevent a significant evil; (2) there must have been no adequate alternative to the commission of the act; (3) the harm caused by the act must not be disproportionate to the harm avoided; (4) the accused must entertain a good-faith belief that his act was necessary to prevent greater harm; (5) such belief must be objectively reasonable under all the circumstances; and (6) the accused must not have substantially contributed to the creation of the emergency.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage“under the force of extreme circumstances, conduct that would otherwise constitute a crime is justifiable and not criminal because of the greater harm which the illegal act seeks to prevent.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. McCullough v. State“a defendant in a criminal case is entitled to have the jury instructed on any theory or defense which has some foundation in the evidence.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. Patton v. State
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.