65 SW3D 59 - Mallett v. State

KEASLER, J.,

¶2delivered the opinion of the Court joined by

KELLER, P.J., and WOMACK, HERVEY, HOLCOMB, and COCHRAN, J.J.

¶3Finding counsel to be ineffective, the Thirteenth Court of Appeals reversed Fidel Mallett’s conviction despite there being nothing in the record to reveal counsel’s motivation for his decisions. Since the record is silent, we presume that counsel’s decisions were based on reasonable professional judgment, and we reverse the appellate court’s judgment.

¶4Facts and Procedural History

¶5Corpus Christi Freightliner hired Mal-lett to paint a truck for $800. After examining the finished product, the company’s general manager decided that the paint job was “rough” and asked Mallett to go back over the truck with some clear coat. In retaliation, Mallett broke into the company’s garage a few days later with a friend.

¶6Mallett and his companion stole several air wrenches, a welder, a cut-off saw, and a blue money bag. They also took a pick-up truck and the tractor portion of an eighteen-wheeler. The pair made their getaway by driving the vehicles through a fence surrounding the company’s shop area. Some time later, Nueces County Constable Oscar Mendoza saw Mallett speeding in the rig and pulled him over. As Mendoza stopped his car behind the vehicle, Mallett put the rig in reverse and backed over the officer’s car. The rig forced the police car several yards back and landed Mendoza in a field. Mallett then managed to separate the rig from the police car and began to grind the gears of the semi-tractor. Fearing that Mallett was preparing to reverse and ram his car again, Mendoza fired several shots at the rig, but Mallett drove away.

¶7The State charged Mallett in one indictment with four offenses: the aggravated assault of Officer Mendoza; criminal mischief for damaging the rig by driving it into the police car; burglary of a building with intent to commit theft for his breaking into the business; and theft for taking the rig. Mallett entered an open plea and the trial judge sentenced him to concurrent terms of confinement. Mallett then filed a pro se letter with the trial court requesting a new trial and claiming his plea was involuntary. The same day, Mal-lett’s attorney filed a motion for new trial. At the hearing on the motion, Mallett was not present and Mallett’s lawyer did not make any arguments.

¶8On appeal, Mallett argued, among other alleged errors, that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. The Court of Appeals agreed, finding five instances of deficient performance and concluding that Mallett was harmed.1

¶9We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review to decide whether the appellate court erred in finding counsel’s performance deficient when the record provides no explanation for the motivation behind counsel’s decisions. We also granted review to determine if the Court of Appeals conducted a proper prejudice analysis.

¶10Ineffective Assistance of Counsel— Legal Background

¶11To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must establish that his lawyer’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a “reasonable probability” the result of the proceeding would have been different but for *63counsel’s deficient performance.2 A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.3 The purpose of this two-pronged test is to judge whether counsel’s conduct so compromised the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be said to have produced a reliable result.4

¶12The review of defense counsel’s representation is highly deferential and presumes that counsel’s actions fell within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance.5 When the record is silent on the motivations underlying counsel’s tactical decisions, the appellant usually cannot overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was reasonable.6 We explained in Thompson v. State that in order to defeat Strickland’s presumption of reasonable professional assistance, “any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.”7 In the majority of cases, the record on direct appeal is undeveloped and cannot adequately reflect the motives behind trial counsel’s actions.8

¶13Analysis

¶14I.

¶15The appellate court first criticized counsel for not moving to withdraw Mal-lett’s guilty plea after he testified that he did not intend to drive over Officer Mendoza’s car.9 Mallett testified as follows:

Defense Counsel: Okay. And if — Why did you — Why did you — Why did you back up your — that truck over Officer Mendoza?

Mallett: I panicked. I didn’t know what to do.

Defense Counsel: You realize you could have killed him?

Mallett: Now I do, but at the moment, no.

Defense Counsel: You didn’t have any intent to do that—

Mallett: No, I didn’t.

Defense Counsel:- — to hurt him? You just panicked?

Mallett: Yes.

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Prosecutor: You didn’t intentionally do all this?

Mallett: Well-Prosecutor: Yes or no?

Mallett: — not—Yes. I—

The Court: I’m sorry. Your answer was?

Mallett: Yes.

Prosecutor: Well, you intentionally did this or you did not? I’m confused by the answer.

*64Mallett: I did not intentionally try to run over Mr. Mendoza.

Prosecutor: But you intentionally jumped a fence and broke into a building and you and your buddies took two trucks. That was intentional, right?

Mallett: At the time, yes.

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The Court: What did you intend to do when you backed up the big truck, the rig, onto Deputy Mendoza’s car?

Mallett: I wanted to leave, Your Honor, but the truck — that was the first time I had driven a semi. And—

The Court: Well, if I understood the testimony correctly from Deputy Mendoza, you reversed the truck, you went back, you went towards the rear to where he was. Seems to me that took a lot of thinking.

Mallett: Your Honor, the gears on the semi are different from a regular car and I wasn’t thinking straight. I was just trying to put it into a gear so I can leave.

The Court: Well, weren’t you going forward at the time?

Mallett: I was parked.

The Court: Why were you going to leave?

Mallett: I got scared.

The Court: Of what?

Mallett: I don’t know. I just got scared. I panicked.

¶16Mallett told the trial court he was pleading guilty “because all the charges are, in fact, true,” that he was pleading guilty “freely and voluntarily,” and that it was his “own personal decision to plead guilty.” Additionally, the trial judge warned Mallett that once his guilty plea was accepted and punishment was assessed, it would be too late to withdraw his plea. After assessing punishment the judge gave Mallett an opportunity to say why the sentences should not be imposed, and Mallett declined. The record shows appellant was properly admonished, and this establishes a prima facie case that the plea was knowing and voluntary.10

¶17The Court of Appeals concluded that, because Mallett testified that his actions were not intentional, counsel should have asked the court to allow Mallett to withdraw his plea.11 While Mallett did testify that his actions were not intentional, he also testified that his actions were intentional. The dissent argues that Mallett could have withdrawn his plea as a matter of right before the court assessed punishment.12 But this assumes Mallett wanted to withdraw his plea, which is not supported by his equivocal testimony. Furthermore, even if Mallett’s testimony was read as a protestation of innocence, all sorts of considerations may motivate a guilty plea.13

¶18The record does not indicate why counsel did not request that Mallett’s guilty plea be withdrawn. Defense counsel may have felt that he could not rebut the recitations in the record that Mallett’s plea was freely and voluntarily entered. Notwithstanding, speculation on counsel’s strategy is immaterial to our determination that *65counsel has not been proven ineffective.14 Again, when the record is silent as to why-counsel failed to object, it is difficult for a defendant to overcome the first prong of Strickland.15

¶19II.

¶20Next, the Court of Appeals concluded that counsel erred in failing to object to the entry of judgments of conviction on counts that the prosecutor said he would abandon.16 But as the appellate court itself recognized, these counts were never actually abandoned.17 During the hearing, the following transpired:

Prosecutor: Well, I don’t know how to handle this part. I think the Court is familiar there was some other “AR” numbers. One of them was a UUMV. I wrongly presumed that UUMV was the UUMV here. However, I’m told today it’s an unrelated UUMV. [Defense Counsel] and I had discussed the possibility about I would no-charge it as long as the Court would consider it. And as far as the evidence to consider it, [Defense Counsel] told me his client would be willing to testify and tell you what had happened during this other UUMV, so I’d like to call the Defendant.

The Court: You’re asking—

Prosecutor: For you to consider something else the Defendant may have done.

The Court: And to dismiss it under 12.45 of the Penal Code, is that what you’re asking me to do?

Prosecutor: Basically, yes.

The Court: Well, the Defendant would have to enter an admission of guilt to that offense for there to be an absolute dismissal.

Prosecutor: Well, I guess from what I understand from the — from Defense Counsel, it’s something for the Court to consider but the way they tell it he may — he’s not necessarily guilty. It’s more in the way I’ll agree to no-charge it but I want the Defendant’s story. It’s really not a 12.45 cause I don’t believe the Defendant’s going to really accept full responsibility, but I think it would be interesting to the Court nevertheless. And they agree that if it does look like he’s involved in it, that if there is a victim owing restitution that this Court would award that as part of this case also. So I guess it’s not really a 12.45, but just something for the Court to consider.

The Court: Is this separate?

Prosecutor: The way they tell me it’s a totally unrelated event after this.

Defense Counsel: It has a cause — It has an “AR” cause number, Your Honor.

The Court: Is it the same vehicle or another vehicle?

Defense Counsel: Another vehicle, another time.

Prosecutor: Totally unrelated, different victim, different vehicle.

The Court: Is the semi-tractor involved in Count II [criminal mischief] the same one in Count IV [theft]?

Prosecutor: Yes, Your Honor.

The Court: And both these happened at the same time?

Prosecutor: Yes, Your Honor. Now that you’re mentioning it, I think I’ve seen some law that those two counts *66could be double jeopardy. We’ll abandon the UUMV count.

The Court: Yes. Well, there’s no UUMV.

Defense Counsel: It’s a criminal mischief.

Prosecutor: Well, then I think those are separate enough and we’ll keep them in.

The Court: Well, Count II says that there was criminal mischief upon the tractor.

Prosecutor: Yes, sir.

The Court: And Count IV says that he stole the tractor.

Prosecutor: I believe those are completely different and non-double jeopardy type offenses.

The Court: Were the damages the same?

Prosecutor: They apply to the same vehicle, yes, Your Honor. To make it easier, I’ll go ahead and abandon.

The Court: Well, I’m just trying to figure this out as far as the damages are concerned.

Prosecutor: Well, basically, the damages that Mr. Hastings testified will all apply to Counts II, III, and IV.

The Court: Okay.

Prosecutor: He testified to the things taken from the building.

The Court: All right.

Prosecutor: And Nueces County has some separate damages for that then.

The Court: Okay. Do you have any other evidence?

Prosecutor: Well, I guess I’d like to call the Defendant with the Defense’s approval—

Defense Counsel: No objection.

Prosecutor: — on this unrelated charge.

¶21Based on this exchange, the Court of Appeals concluded that the judge did not grant the prosecutor permission to abandon anything.18 Nevertheless, the court concluded that counsel should have objected.19 We agree with the appellate court’s first conclusion that the trial judge never acted on the prosecutor’s suggestion. Therefore, there was no abandonment.20 Counsel cannot be justifiably blamed for failing to object to the entry of judgments of conviction on offenses that had not been abandoned.

¶22The dissent argues that our opinion “unduly impairs” any collateral attack Mallett may have.21 The dissent suggests that, even when a record, like this one, is sufficient to rebut a claim of ineffectiveness, we should not look to that record.22 According to the dissent, we should instead conclude that the record is insufficient to support the claim of ineffectiveness.23 In that way, we would not foreclose Mallett from mounting a second attack in a writ application.

¶23But it is not our job to preserve Mal-lett’s habeas rights. Rather, it is our job to address the claims presented to us on appeal. Mallett’s claim that counsel should have objected to the lack of abandonment is meritless because the record demonstrates that there was no abandonment. This record affirmatively shows nothing objectionable. That this conclu*67sion may prejudice Mallett’s ability to raise this identical claim in a later writ application should not, and does not, factor into our analysis.

¶24III.

¶25The appellate court also concluded that counsel should have made some arguments in Mallett’s favor and ensured Mal-lett’s presence at the motion for new trial hearing.24Thompson instructs us to presume that counsel acted reasonably in a ease such as this.25 We find nothing in the record demonstrating that Mallett wanted to attend the hearing or that his attorney could have made any non-frivolous arguments at the hearing. The dissent claims that Mallett’s pro se letter to the judge indicating that he was off his medication at the time of his guilty plea is sufficient to prove that counsel was defective.26 But the presence of the letter in the record does not overcome the strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably.

¶26We are not privy to any discussions Mallett and his attorney may have had concerning the merits of a motion for new trial. Counsel may have filed the motion for no purpose other than to extend the time limits for appeal.27 Because the record is silent as to the motivation behind counsel’s decisions, we are unwilling to conclude that counsel acted deficiently.

¶27IV.

¶28Next, the Court of Appeals found that counsel erred in failing to object to the misjoinder of offenses.28 Specifically, the court considered the aggravated assault and the criminal mischief offenses to have been misjoined with the burglary and theft offenses because they were not part of the same criminal episode.29

¶29Under § 3.02 of the Texas Penal Code, a defendant may be prosecuted in a single criminal action for all offenses arising out of the same criminal episode.30 A single proceeding removes the burden of multiple trials and eliminates the possibility of consecutive sentences.31 The Court of Appeals found it “difficult to imagine any trial strategy” for not objecting to the misjoinder.32 Assuming without deciding that these offenses were misjoined, counsel’s silence could have been part of a strategic plan to obtain concurrent sentences.33 Since the record is silent as to why counsel failed to object, we presume his conduct was reasonable.34

¶30V.

¶31Finally, the Court of Appeals concluded that Mallett’s lawyer erred in failing to object to certain double jeopardy problems.35 The court found that, “[t]he same incident of misconduct was used to prove the aggravated assault and the criminal *68mischief.”36 The court also determined that because the evidence presented to prove Mallett’s specific intent to commit theft was the same evidence used to prove that he committed burglary, a double jeopardy bar existed with respect to those offenses as well.37

¶32The Court of Appeals erroneously examined Mallett’s double jeopardy claims under the now defunct “same conduct” test. This test was done away with in United States v. Dixon.38The proper test is the traditional “same elements” or “Blockburger test.”39 Under Blockburger, in a case in which the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.40

¶33Mallett’s convictions for both aggravated assault and criminal mischief are not barred under Blockburger because each offense contains an element the other does not. The first degree aggravated assault charge required the State to prove that an individual was threatened with imminent bodily injury, that a deadly weapon was displayed or used during the assault, and that the offense was committed against a public servant while the servant was lawfully discharging an official duty; the criminal mischief charge did not.41 The criminal mischief charge required the State to prove damage to tangible property without the effective consent of the owner; the aggravated assault charge did not.42 In addition, there was no double jeopardy violation with regard to the theft and burglary offenses.43

¶34Because there was no double jeopardy violation, counsel is not ineffective for failing to object.

¶35Conclusion

¶36We conclude that the Court of Appeals erred in holding that Mallett’s attorney was ineffective when the record provided no explanation for the motivation behind counsel’s decisions. Each “deficiency” of counsel claimed by the appellate court could have been an exercise of reasonable professional judgment. Because Mallett failed to satisfy the first prong of Strickland, we need not address whether the Court of Appeals conducted a proper prejudice analysis. Therefore, we dismiss the second ground for review as improvidently granted. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to that court for consideration of Mallett’s remaining point of error.

Meyers, J., filed a dissenting opinion joined by Price, J.JOHNSON, J., concurred in the result.

¶37. Mallett v. State, 28 S.W.3d 603, 608 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000).

¶38. Strickland, v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693-94, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

¶39. Id. at 694; Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).

¶40. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812-13 (Tex.Crim.App.1999) (citing McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 843 (Tex.Crim.App.1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 963, 113 S.Ct. 2937, 124 L.Ed.2d 686 (1993)).

¶41. Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex.Crim.App.2000).

¶42. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. See also Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.Crim.App.1994); Delrio v. State, 840 S.W.2d 443, 446-47 (Tex.Crim.App.1992); Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 714.

¶43. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814(quoting McFarland, 928 S.W.2d at 500).

¶44. Id. at 813-14 (citations omitted).

¶45.Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608.

¶46. Ex parte Williams, 704 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).

¶47. Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608.

¶48. Post, at 70-71.

¶49. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); see also North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162 (1970).

¶50. Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771.

¶51. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.

¶52. Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608.

¶53. Id. at 606.

¶54. Id.

¶55. Id. at 608.

¶56. See Ex Parte Preston, 833 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex.Crim.App.1992); see also Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 28.11 (Vernon 1989).

¶57. Post, at 70.

¶58. Post, at 70.

¶59. Post, at 70.

¶60. Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608, 609.

¶61. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.

¶62. Post, at 71.

¶63. Oldham v. State, 977 S.W.2d 354, 361 (Tex.Crim.App.1998).

¶64. Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608, 609.

¶65. Id. at 608.

¶66. Tex Penal Code Ann. § 3.02 (Vernon 1997).

¶67. LaPorte v. State, 840 S.W.2d 412, 414 (Tex.Crim.App.1992).

¶68. Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608.

¶69. See Tex Penal Code Ann. § 3.03 (Vernon 1997).

¶70. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.

¶71. Mallett, 28 S.W.3d at 608-09.

¶72. Id. at 608 (citations omitted).

¶73. Id. at 608-09.

¶74. 509 U.S. 688, 113 S.Ct. 2849, 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993).

¶75. Id. at 704, 113 S.Ct. 2849. (Scalia, J. writing for the majority and Rehnquist, C.J., O’Connor, Kennedy, and Thomas, J.J., agreeing that the same elements test was the appropriate test for determining whether the subsequent prosecutions were barred by the double jeopardy clause).

¶76. Ervin v. State, 991 S.W.2d 804, 806 (Tex.Crim.App.1999) {quoting Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932)).

¶77. Compare Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.02(a), (b)(2) (Vernon 1997) with Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 28.03(a)(1) (Vernon 1997).

¶78. See id.

¶79. See Rice v. State, 861 S.W.2d 925 (Tex.Crim.App.1993).