¶1Pg/ the Court,
¶2I do not propose to examine any of the evidence in the case, except what related to an amount of money which Stokes made during the rebellion, in procuring volunteers for the army.
¶3Stokes admits that he received, during the last two years of the war, between $2,000 and $3,000, in the business of obtaining volunteers, and of this, some $500 was given by him to his wife and was used by her in her business, or in erecting houses on lands owned by her in the city of Syracuse. He says: “I think I might have given her $500 of it, perhaps a little more or a little less; it may have been a good deal more or a little less. She may have paid it towards the houses she owns.”
¶4The wife testifies, .“I never had any other money given me except about $500 at the time of the war, when he (her husband) was putting in substitutes … my husband may have given me more than $500; he never kept any accounts.”
¶5Stokes also says he kept no account of what he gave *588his wife; may have given her over $500 ; cannot tell the amount he let her have.
¶6The treasurer of the Syracuse Savings Institution testified that on the 11th of February, 1864, there was deposited to Mrs. Stokes’ credit $1,700, and on the 24th of March $1,400. There were deposited after that, sums varying from $100 to $800. The last entry was the 11th of June, 1869.
¶7It does not follow that the $1,700 and $1,400 above mentioned came from Stokes; but when the parties who received and paid the money, and who were in moderate circumstances, are wholly unable to specify the amount received by the wife, and it appears that Stokes received about the amount so deposited, it throws upon the defendants the burthen of proving how much was received by the wife, or the presumption legitimately arises that she received at least the $500.
¶8When Mrs. Stokes received the money, her husband was indebted to divers persons in small sums, but not to the plaintiff. The statute declares the gift to the wife fraudulent as against those creditors.
¶9The fraudulent intent was proved by several witnesses, one of whom, only, was impeached or contradicted.
¶10It is well settled that when a conveyance is executed with intent to defraud creditors, it is void, not only as to existing, but as to future, creditors. (King v. Wilcox, 11 Paige, 589. 1 Story's Eq., § 361. Case v. Phelps, 39 N. Y. 164:)
¶11The referee was wrong in holding the dealings between husband and wife not fraudulent unless the money was paid to her by way of loan and it has been since repaid by her. A loan is not pretended. It was a gift, pure and simple. Although it was a gift, a redelivery of the money to the husband would probably relieve her from the imputation of fraud, under which "she would otherwise rest, and for which fraud she would be liable to her husband’s creditors.
¶12But there is no evidence that any such thing was done, or intended to be done. Both say she has paid in fines, &c., for him as much as she received, but they have kept no account of what was thus paid, if the payment could be applied as a return of the gift.
¶13It will not do to, allow such loose and unsatisfactory evidence to cover up the dealings between parties engaged in defrauding of either or both.
¶14It cannot be said with any degree of certainty that the wife was actually paid back $100.
¶15Although these parties are illiterate they cannot be relieved, altogether, from the duty of showing, with reasonable certainty, the precise extent and nature of their dealings, when such dealings are the subject of investigation.
¶16It would not be tolerated, when a debtor intending to defraud his creditors sells his property to another, that payment of the purchase money could be proved by such evidence as was given in this case. For the purchaser to say I paid the price, but I cannot tell when or how, nor in what sums, would not be received as evidence which would justify a court or jury to find the fact of payment.
¶17On another trial more reliable evidence may be given that will relieve the defence from the suspicion that is cast upon it by the testimony of the defendants.
¶18The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event, and order of reference vacated.
¶19Mullin, Talcott and E. D. Smith, Justices.]