Black v. Stephens’s Empirical Analysis
662 F.2d 181 · 1981
Citation profile
124 federal appellate · 30 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 233 later decisions — most recently October 2016 · most notably Dwares v. City of New York (1993), Doe v. Taylor Independent School District (1994)
124 federal appellate · 30 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics · Rochin v. People of California · Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond · Rizzo v. Goode
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 233 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he test under the due process clause is whether the police officer's conduct 'shocks the conscience'”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Instead, it is when execution of a government's policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under Sec. 1983.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[f]or an unidentified officer to brandish his revolver eighteen inches from [the husband's] head with [the wife] in the precise line of fire and then threaten to shoot, is conduct that shocks the conscience.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.