People v. Hazelhurst’s Empirical Analysis
1983
Citation profile
1 federal appellate · 36 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 38 later decisions — most recently October 2019 · most notably People v. Freeman (1983), United States v. Massenburg (2011)
1 federal appellate · 36 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall · United States v. Cortez · United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 38 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]he fellow officer rule ... is not a means of creating probable cause by using post hoc combinations of information available to the police. The rule does not permit the police to call its archives in hopes of justifying an arrest which is not supported by probable cause.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passagee.g. Willett v. State · In Re MEB““[W]hether ... the whole picture — provides the officers with a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that a person or persons are engaged in criminal activity. The analysis must include objective observations ... and consideration of the modes or pattern of operation of certain kinds of law breakers. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411 , 101 S.Ct. 690 , 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). A trained police officer is qualified to draw inferences and make deductions that might elude an untrained person. The officer’s assessment must center on whether there is an articulable suspicion that a particular person is engaged in wrongdoing. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).” People v. Hazelhurst, 662 P.2d 1081 (Colo.1983).”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. People v. Johnson“We have held in warrantless arrest situations that an arresting officer who does not personally know facts that provide probable cause may still effect a war-rantless arrest if he acts upon the direction or as a result of a communication from a fellow officer and the police, as a whole, know facts which rise to the level of probable cause.... It is not necessary for the arresting officer ... to be himself in possession of information sufficient to constitute probable cause, provided he acts upon the direction or as a result of communication with [another] officer ... and provided the police as a whole are in possession of information sufficient to constitute probable cause to make the arrest. (emphasis added)”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. People v. Barros
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.