Lippert v. State’s Empirical Analysis
1984
Citation profile
60 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 62 later decisions — most recently November 2020 · most notably 11 Cal. 4th 354 - People v. Glaser (1995), State v. Ballou (1987)
60 state decisions — followed in 15 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Katz v. United States · Rakas v. Illinois · Beck v. State of Ohio · Adams v. Williams
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 62 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“1) no flight or no furtive gestures or sudden movements towards a pocket or other place where a weapon might be concealed; 2) no threats made and no attempt made to resist detention; 3) appellant is not shown to be committing or about to commit any criminal offense, and; 4) appellant does not seem to be under the influence of alcoholic beverages or drugs.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[i]f in the course of a pat-down frisk the officer satisfies himself that the suspect has no weapons, the officer has no valid reason to further invade the suspect's right to be free of police intrusion absent probable cause to arrest.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissente.g. Moore v. State · Matter of ADD“[A] person’s mere propinquity to others independently suspected of criminal activity does not, without more, give rise to probable cause to search that person ... Where the standard is probable cause, a search or seizure of a person must be supported by probable cause particularized with respect to that person. This requirement cannot be undercut or avoided by simply pointing to the fact that coincidentally there exists probably cause to search or seize another or to search the premises where the person may happen to be. The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the ‘legitimate expectations of privacy’ of persons, not places ... It follows that a warrant to search a place cannot normally be construed to authorize a search of each individual in that place.”
1 later decision quote this exact passagee.g. Cerna v. State
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.