United States v. Sharp’s Empirical Analysis
689 F.3d 616 · 2012
Citation profile
16
cited by 16 later decisions
6
states following
May 2025
most recently cited
2 federal appellate · 8 state decisions
Relationships
Relies on United States v. Diaz · United States v. Stone · United States v. Reed · United States v. Winningham · United States v. Vazquez
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 16 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"It is a Fourth Amendment violation for a narcotics detection dog to jump into a car because of something the police did , like training the dog to jump into cars as part of the search or facilitating or encouraging the jump" but no violation occurs "as long as the canine enters the vehicle on its own initiative and is neither encouraged nor placed into the vehicle by law enforcement."”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“as long as the canine enters the vehicle on its own initiative and is neither encouraged nor placed into the vehicle by law enforcement.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“'[I]nstinctive' implies the dog enters the car without assistance, facilitation, or 24 other intentional action by its handler.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.