United States v. Prim’s Empirical Analysis
698 F.2d 972 · 1983
Citation profile
32 federal appellate · 3 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 57 later decisions — most recently December 2021 · most notably United States v. Espinosa (1987), United States v. Lillard (1991)
32 federal appellate · 3 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 844 (§ 404 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 878 (§ 508 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Wong Sun v. United States · Chimel v. California · United States v. Mendenhall · Adams v. Williams
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 57 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Although the existence of reasonable suspicion or probable cause is judicially viewed under an objective standard, it is a standard applied to the actual and/or perceived belief of the law enforcement officer as he either stops and detains or engages in search and seizure.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[i]f anything, ... provides a pretext after the fact to justify the officers' actions. Such pretextual use to justify an arrest or search has been clearly recognized as violative of the fourth amendment.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. State v. Blair · State v. Schwarz“Reliance on the warrant appears to be an after-the-fact justification of a search for which no probable cause existed.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.