7 U.S.C. § 451
Section 451 · Agricultural products defined
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 11 court decisions — leading case 86 F. Supp. 201 - Farmers Cooperative Co. v. Birmingham (1949)
Most recently applied in 543 F. Supp. 2d 1149 - Lopes v. Vieira (March 2008)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
When used in this chapter the term “agricultural products” means agricultural, horticultural, viticultural, and dairy products, livestock and the products thereof, the products of poultry and bee raising, the edible products of forestry, and any and all products raised or produced on farms and processed or manufactured products thereof, transported or intended to be transported in interstate and/or foreign commerce.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Cross References
Associations of producers of agricultural products, see sections 291 and 292 of this title.
Banks for cooperatives, see section 2001 et seq. of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
Organization and development of cooperative associations, see sections 1141, 1141b et seq. of Title 12.