7 Va. App. 574 - Castaneda v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis
1989
Citation profile
2 district · 41 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 43 later decisions — most recently September 2015 · most notably 9 Va. App. 139 - Murphy v. Commonwealth (1989), 16 Va. App. 751 - Hamilton v. Commonwealth (1993)
2 district · 41 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Illinois v. Gates · United States v. Cortez · Brown v. Texas · Scott v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 43 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Each instance of police conduct must be judged for reasonableness in light of the particular circumstances. Courts must apply objective standards in determining whether the requisite degree of suspicion exists, taking into ’ account that “trained law enforcement officers may be ‘able to perceive and articulate meaning in given conduct which would be wholly innocent to the untrained observer.’ ””
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“Although mere proximity to the drugs is insufficient to establish possession, and occupancy of the vehicle does not give rise to a presumption of possession, . . ., both are factors which may be considered in determining whether a defendant possessed drugs.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“First, the assessment must be based upon all of the circumstances. The analysis proceeds with various objective observations, information from police reports, if such are available, and consideration of the modes or patterns of operation of certain kinds of lawbreakers. From these data, a trained officer draws inferences and makes deductions—inferences and deductions that might well elude an untrained person. The second element contained in the idea that an assessment of the whole picture must yield a particularized suspicion is the concept that the process just described must raise a suspicion that the particular individual being stopped is engaged in wrongdoing.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.