United States v. Roper’s Empirical Analysis
702 F.2d 984 · 1983
Citation profile
38 federal appellate · 5 district · 6 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 67 later decisions — most recently February 2022 · most notably Courson v. McMillian (1991), Duckett v. City of Cedar Park (1992)
38 federal appellate · 5 district · 6 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Cortez · Adams v. Williams · Ohio Bureau of Employment Services v. Hodory · United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 67 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Though this case would be easier if it involved a dark and deserted spot or one lone officer facing a [car full] of suspects, our reluctance to second-guess the judgment of experienced officers is not limited to such extreme situations. ... Reviewing the situation through the 'eyes of a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene, guided by his experience and training,' we cannot say that the officers acted unreasonably in being prepared for possible violence.... [I]f the officers had sufficient cause to make a Terry stop ... we cannot conclude that simply having their guns drawn and ready would by itself convert the stop into an arrest.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“NCIC printouts are reliable enough to form the basis of the reasonable belief which is needed to establish probable cause.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“By drawing his revolver as he approached the Cadillac it may reasonably be contended he was exhibiting proper caution under the circumstances. It does not seem to us that, without regard to motive, solely because an officer draws his weapon, an investigatory stop is turned into an arrest. To require an officer to risk his life in order to make an investigatory stop would run contrary to the intent of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Courson v. McMillian
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.