Halberstam v. Welch’s Empirical Analysis
705 F.2d 472 · 1983
Citation profile
91 federal appellate · 113 district · 49 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 361 later decisions (3 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2024 · most notably Central Bank of Denver Na v. First Interstate Bank of Denver Na K (1994), Browning v. Clinton (2002)
91 federal appellate · 113 district · 49 state decisions — followed in 27 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1652 (Rules of Decision Act)
Relies on Erie Co v. Tompkins · United States v. United States Gypsum Co. · Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder · Aaron v. Securities & Exchange Commission · Sullivan v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 361 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) the party whom the defendant aids must perform a wrongful act that causes an injury; (2) the defendant must be generally aware of his role as part of an overall illegal or tortious activity at the time that he provides the assistance; (3) the defendant must knowingly and substantially assist the principal violation.”
62 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) an agreement between two or more persons; (2) to participate in an unlawful act, or a lawful act in an unlawful manner; (3) an injury caused by an unlawful overt act performed by one of the parties to the agreement; (4) which overt act was done pursuant to and in furtherance of the common scheme.”
16 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“knows that the other's conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the other so to conduct himself.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.