Costa v. Markey’s Empirical Analysis
706 F.2d 1 · 1982
Citation profile
7 federal appellate · 5 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 21 later decisions — most recently October 2014
7 federal appellate · 5 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody · Dothard v. Rawlinson · Ford Motor Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · City of Los Angeles Department of Water v. Manhart · Connecticut v. Teal
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 21 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Teal teaches that the proper place to evaluate the strength of a Title VII plaintiff’s prima facie case of disparate impact discrimination is the point at which the employer’s neutral criterion has a discriminatory effect. The Court’s focus must be on the first step in the employment process that produces an adverse impact on a group protected by Title VII, not the end result of the employment process as a whole. When it is shown that an employer’s rule disproportionately affects members of a class protected by Title VII, eliminating them from competition for an employment opportunity, the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.