United States v. Whitten’s Empirical Analysis
706 F.2d 1000 · 1983
Citation profile
271 federal appellate · 18 district · 23 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 398 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2025 · most notably Freytag v. Commissioner (1991), United States v. Berkowitz (1991)
271 federal appellate · 18 district · 23 state decisions — followed in 16 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 843 (§ 403 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 848 (§ 408 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Jackson v. Virginia · Terry v. Ohio · Chapman v. State of California · Katz v. United States · Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 398 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'As a general rule, an issue not presented to the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.'”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“where the issue conceded or neglected below is purely one of law”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“articles of personal property tending to establish the wealth and financial status of Ralph Huey Washington including but not limited to jewelry, cash, furs, documents showing ownership of stock, bonds, companies, real estate, and other personal property; documents tending to show ownership or control of companies and corporations including but not limited to Funky Denim, Washington Enterprises, and Francisco-Louisiana Incorporated; any documents tending to show the preparation of or basis for United States Department of Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Tax Returns.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.