Fonda v. Gray’s Empirical Analysis
707 F.2d 435 · 1983
Citation profile
42 federal appellate · 7 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 97 later decisions — most recently March 2023 · most notably Taylor v. List (1989), United Steelworkers of America v. Phelps Dodge Corporation, a New York Corporation, Defendants (1989)
42 federal appellate · 7 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 241 (Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 1985 · 47 U.S.C. § 605
Relies on Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. · Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics · Davis v. Passman · California State Board of Equalization v. Western Marina Corp. · Carlson v. Green
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 97 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“To prove a conspiracy between private parties and the government under Sec. 1983, an agreement or 'meeting of the minds' to violate constitutional rights must be shown.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. James Carras · Krain v. C Grimes“share[d in] the general conspiratorial objective”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. James Carras · Romine“did not produce evidence of the existence of a ‘meeting of the minds’ between the banks and the FBI to knowingly attempt to accomplish an alleged wrongful purpose, a necessary element of her conspiracy claim.”) (emphasis added); Kevin F. O’Malley, et al., Federal Jury Practice and Instructions § 167.31 (5th ed.2001) (providing that in claim of conspiracy to interfere with civil rights,”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.