Arruda v. Fair’s Empirical Analysis
710 F.2d 886 · 1983
Citation profile
40 federal appellate · 18 district · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 89 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently October 2020 · most notably Michenfelder v. Sumner (1988), Blackburn v. Snow (1985)
40 federal appellate · 18 district · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Bell v. Wolfish · Schmerber v. State of California · Akers v. United States · Israel v. Futuronics Corp. · Hamilton v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 89 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The test of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application. In each case it requires a balancing of the need for the particular search against the invasion of personal rights that the search entails. Courts must consider the scope of the particular intrusion, the manner in which it is conducted, the justification for initiating it, and the place in which it is conducted.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“severe if not gross interference with a person's privacy.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“prison within a prison, designed to hold the most dangerous inmates.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.