710 So. 2d 531 - Armstrong v. State’s Empirical Analysis
1997
Citation profile
23 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 23 later decisions — most recently December 2014
23 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Batson v. Kentucky · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Washington v. Davis · Swain v. State of Alabama · Hernandez v. New York
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 23 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"Alabama courts have recently held that even a showing that [a] party had struck a high percentage of strikes used against a minority was not alone enough. In Ex parte Trawick , 698 So.2d 162 , 168 (Ala. 1997), the Alabama Supreme Court held, `Without more, we do not find that the number of strikes this prosecutor used to remove women from the venire is sufficient to establish a prima facie case of gender discrimination.'"”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage““1. Evidence that the ‘jurors in question share[d] only this one characteristic— their membership in the group — and that in all other respects they [were] as hete-rogenous as the community as a whole.’ [People v.] Wheeler, 22 Cal.3d [258,] at 280, 583 P.2d [748,] at 764, 148 Cal.Rptr. [890,] at 905 (1978). For instance ‘it may be significant that the persons challenged, although all black, include both men and women and are a variety of ages, occupations, and social and economic conditions.’ Wheeler, 22 Cal.3d at 280, n. 27, [ 148 Cal.Rptr. 890 , 583 P.2d 748 ,] indicating that race was the deciding factor. “2. A pattern of strikes against black jurors on the particular venire; e.g., 4 of 6 peremptory challenges were used to strike black jurors. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97 , 106 S.Ct. at 1723 . “3. The past conduct of the state’s attorney in using peremptory challenges to strike all blacks from the jury venire. Swain [ v. Alabama ], 380 U.S. 202 [ 85 S.Ct. 824 , 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965) ]. “4. The type and manner of the state’s attorney’s questions and statements "during voir dire, including nothing more than desultory voir dire. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97 , 106 S.Ct. at 1723 ; Wheeler, 22 Cal.3d at 281 , 583 P.2d at 764 , 148 Cal.Rptr. at 905 . “5. The type and manner of questions directed to the challenged juror, including a lack of questions, or a lack of meaningful questions. Slappy v. State, 503 So.2d 350, 355 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1987); People v. Turner, 42 Cal.3d 711 , 726 P.2d 102 ,”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“According to the record, the appellant in this case relied solely upon the fact that seven of the eight veniremembers struck by the prosecutor were black. According to the Alabama Supreme Court in Ex parte Trawick as well as the United States Supreme Court's interpretation of the burden in equal protection cases, these bare statistics were not sufficient to make a prima facie showing of discrimination.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.