Gray III v. Bell’s Empirical Analysis
712 F.2d 490 · 1983
Citation profile
76 federal appellate · 55 district · 10 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 216 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2023 · most notably Burns v. Reed (1991), Jerome Stevens Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Food & Drug Administration (2005)
76 federal appellate · 55 district · 10 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Conley v. Gibson · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics · Imbler v. Pachtman · Butz v. Economou
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 216 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Prosecutorial decisions as to whether, when and against whom to initiate prosecution are quintessential examples of government discretion ....”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[a]ny claim based upon ... the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'[I]nvestigative or law enforcement officer' means any officer of the United States who is empowered by law to execute searches, to seize evidence, or to make arrests for violations of Federal law.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.