Navarro v. Block’s Empirical Analysis
72 F.3d 712 · 1995
Citation profile
27 federal appellate · 5 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 63 later decisions — most recently June 2021 · most notably Lee v. City of Los Angeles (2001), Soto v. Flores (1997)
27 federal appellate · 5 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · City of Canton v. Harris · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati · Washington v. Davis
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 63 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“`Discriminatory purpose' . . . implies more than intent as volition or intent as awareness of consequences. It implies that the decisionmaker . . . selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part `because of,' not merely `in spite of,' its adverse effects upon an identifiable group.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] long line of Supreme Court cases makes clear that the Equal Protection Clause requires proof of discriminatory intent or motive.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“plaintiff may prove the existence of a custom or informal policy with evidence of repeated constitutional violations for which the errant municipal officials were not discharged or reprimanded.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.