Ex parte Brown

¶1In the St. Louis criminal court, at the November term, 1879, a subpoena duces tecum was issued by the clerk of said court, commanding the petitioner to appear before the grand jury on the 17th day of November, 1879, to testify in a certain matter pending before said *90inquest, and then and there to produce any or all telegraphic dispatches, or messages, or copies of the same, then in the office of the Yfestern Union Telegraph Company at St. Louis, Missouri, of which the petitioner was manager, described as follows : Dispatches between Dr. J. 0. Nidelet and A. B. Wakefield, and William Ladd and J. C. Nidelet, and William Ladd and Dr. Nidelet, between Warren Mc-Ohesney and A. B. Wakefield, between Warren McChesney and J. C. Nidelet, between the latter and John S. Phelpis, between A. B. Wakefield and John S. Phelps, between the latter and William Ladd, and between Geo. W. Anderson and A. B. Wakefield, sent or received by or between any or all of said parties, within fifteen months last past. The petitioner appeared before the grand jury in obedience to the summons, and having been duly sworn, in answer to questions propounded, stated that he had in his custody such messages, or copies thereof, as were described in the subpoena, if there were any such in the office of the company, but declined to search for such telegrams and produce them, on the ground that he was but a servant of the company, and had no custody .or control of any message or dispatch, except such as was given him by the company, which had forbidden, by its rules, managers and employees from furnishing copies of any original message or permitting such originals to be taken from the possession of the company, except by authority of one of its ex-exutive officers. These facts were reported by the grand jury to the judge of the criminal court, and being brought before the court, the petitioner, persisting in his refusal, was committed for contempt and taken in custody by the sheriff of St. Louis county, whereupon he applied to this court for a writ of habeas corpus, and we are called upon to determine whether the commitment was legal or not.

¶2*911. Compulsory Production of Telegraphic. Messages in Court: LIABILITY OF COMPANY’S AGENT TO PUNISHMENT FOE REFUSAL. *90Telegraphic messages are not privileged communications. State v. Litchfield, 58 Me. 267. No statute of this *91®tate, or of the United States, has made-them so. That mode of communication is °f recent origin, and, therefore, the common law furnishes nothing but analogies for our guide. Telegraphic lines are not operated by the government, which is in no manner engaged in the business of transmitting telegraphic messages. It may enact laws in relation to them, as to other corporations, but has no business connection with them. On .the other hand postal facilities were established by Congress; the mails are carried by the government through its own agents, and penal statutes protect communications sent through the mail; The entire postal system is under the control and management of the government. There is no statute of this State or principle of law which places a telegram on a different ground from that which any other communication occupies, made by one through another, to a third party, with respect to the liability of the confidant to be called as a witness to produce it or testify to it. There is no such analogy between the transmission of communications by mail, and their tranmission by telegraph, as would justify the application to the latter of the principles which obtain with respect to the former; and certainly penal statutes in relation to the one cannot by the courts be declared applicable to the other. The facts that railroad train orders are generally communicated by telegraph, that a vast amount of trade and traffic is transacted through this medium, that it has become of almost equal importance in the commerce of this country, with the postal system, and that in a business sense, men are compelled to transmit communications by the telegraph, are for the consideration of the legislative branch of the goveimment in determining the propriety of placing telegraphic communications on the same footing with correspondence by mail, or declaring them privileged; but the annunciation of such a doctrine by the court would be an assumption of power which belongs to the legislative department.

¶3*92“The right to resort to means to compel the production of written as well as oral testimony, seems essential to the very existence and constitution of a court of common law, which receives and acts upon both descriptions of evidence, and, could not possibly proceed, with due effect, without them. And it is not possible to conceive that such courts should have immemorially continued to act on both, without great and notorious impediments having occurred, if they had been furnished with no better, means of obtaining written evidence than what the immediate custody and possession of the party who was interested in the production of it, or the voluntary favor of those in whose custody the required instrument might happen to b.e, afforded.” Lord Ellenborough in Amey v. Long, 9 East 473. This right of the court has not only been immemorially acted upon in England, but its exercise is of almost daily occurrence in this country.

¶4The only ground, therefore, upon which the exemption of telegrams from this process of the court can be placed, is that they are privileged communications, and wre cannot declare them to be such in the absence of a statute so providing. The transportation of packages and parcels by means of express lines, is becoming almost as great a necessity as that of sending communications by telegraph, and the two agencies are very frequently employed in intimate connection, and the argument which asserts the inviolability of telegrams, derived from a supposed analogy between the postal system and the telegraph, would as well apply to parcels or packages intrusted to the express company for transportation.

¶5The rules of the company forbidding the petitioner from delivering telegrams or copies, afforded no legal excuse for his refusal to produce the telegrams. Telegraph companies, it is true, are by section 13, Wagner’s Statutes, 325, subjected to a penalty for disclosing the contents of any private' dispatch to any person other than the person to whom it is addressed, or his, agent; but taken in con*93nection with section 51, page 507, it is obvious that it is not to he construed as prohibiting such disclosure when it is required as evidence in a judicial proceeding. The latter section makes it a misdemeanor for any person connected with any telegraph line, willfully to disclose the contents, or the nature of the contents, of any message intrusted to him for transmission or delivery to any one to whom it is not addressed, except a court of justice, and in that exception we have a legislative recognition of the amenability of custodians of telegrams to a subpoena duces tecum-, commanding their production. It follows, if the court has the right to compel their production, that the company cannot, by any rules it may adopt, exonerate its agents from obedience to the judicial mandate.

¶62. -: CERTAINTY OF DESCRIPTION OF PAPERS REQUIRED IN SUBPCENA duces tecum. The only remaining question is, whether the messages, the production of which was commanded by the process, were described with sufficient accuracy, to v justify the court in compelling obedience to it. The 23rd section of our bill of rights, declares: “ That the people ought to be secure in their persons, papers, houses and effects, from unreasonable searches and seizures, and no warrant to search any place, or seize any person or thing, can issue without describing the place to be searched or the thing to be seized, as nearly as may he, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.” We are not prepared to agree with the court of appeals that this section has “ but little bearing upon the present question, except by way of argument and illustration;” but if it has no other bearing upon the question, the argument and illustrations drawn from it possess a cogency not to be despised.

¶7The section declares that the people ought to be secure, in their papers, from unreasonable searches, and whether a subpoena duces tecum, for papers, or search warrant for chattels, be issued, the spirit of that section demands that while in the latter case there must be probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, with a description *94in the warrant of the place to be searched, or the thing to be searched for, in tbe other, it shall at least give a reasonably accurate description of the paper wanted, either by its date, title, substance or the subject it relates to, and that it shall be shown to the court or authority issuing the process that there is a cause pending in a court and that the paper is material as evidence in the cause. To permit an indiscriminate search among all the papers in one’s possession for no particular paper, but some paper, which may throw some light on some issue involved in the trial of some cause pending, would lead to consequences that can be contemplated only with horror, and such a process is not to be tolerated among a free people. A grand jury has a general inquisitorial power. They may ask a witness summoned before them, without reference to any particular offense which is a subject of inquiry, what he knows touching the violation of any section of the criminal code. Give such a body, in addition, the power to search any man’s papers for evidence of some crime committed, and you convert it into a tribunal which would soon become as odious to American citizens as the Star Chamber was to Englishmen, or the Spanish Inquisition to the civilized world.

¶8Here, communications, at different times within a period of fifteen months, sent or received by the parties named, are called for. The date, title, substance, or subject matter of none of them is given, and it is utterly impossible that it could have been made to appear, without more, that any of the messages were material as evidence before the grand jury. Moreover, it not only called for all messages between the parties named, but for all which may have been sent or received by either of the parties, to or from, any person on the face of the earth. A compliance with the order might have resulted in the production of confidential communications between husband and wife, client and attorney, confessor and penitent, parent and child; Matters which it deeply concerned the parties to *95keep secret from the world, and of no importance or value as evidence in any cause, might thus be disclosed to the annoyance and shame of the only persons interested. Incidents in the lives of members of families which the happiness and welfare of the household require to be kept secret, might be exposed, and offenses not recognizable by the law, long since committed and condoned, brought to light and hawked through the country by scandal-mongers, to the disturbance of the peace of society and the destruction of the happiness of whole, households. It is no answer to this that the obligation of secrecy imposed by law on grand juries would prevent such exposure. It is enough to disturb’ and harass a man, that twelve of his neighbors, though sworn to secrecy, have acquired knowledge diminishing their respect for him, which they had no right to obtain, and they may be the very twelve men with whom, above all others, he most desired to be in good repute. Such an inquisition, if tolerated, would destroy the usefulness of this most important and valuable mode of communication by subjecting to exposure the private affairs of persons intrusting telegraph companies with messages for transmission, to the prying curiosity of idle gossips, or the malice of malignant mischief-makers.

¶9The power of a court of equity to compel a discovery by any party defendant to the suit, of any document in his possession, or fact resting in his knowledge, material to the issue on trial, bears an analogy to the subpoena duces tecum, and that power cannot be exercised to compel any discovery not material to the cause; and on that subject, Lord Loughborough, in Shaftsbury v. Arrowsmith, 4 Ves. 66, said : “ Permitting a general, sweeping survey into all the deeds of a family, must be attended with very great danger and mischief. It may set up a title, not for the benefit of the plaintiff, but to the injury of the devisees, indulging a speculation to the prejudice of parties whose interests this court has no right to invade.” Mr. Eonblanque in his work on Equity, says : “A plaintiff by this bill, may, with*96out the least foundation, impute to the defendant the foulest frauds, or seek a discovery of transactions in which he has no real concern; and when the defendant has putin his answer, denying the frauds or disclosing transactions (the disclosure of which may materially prejudice his. interests), the plaintiff may dismiss his bill with costs, satisfied with the mischief he may have occasioned by the publicity of his charge, or the advantage he may have obtained by an extorted disclosure.” In reference to this abuse of the proceeding, he says: “ The court alone can counteract it; and in vindication of its process, must feel the strongest inclination to interpose its authority.” 2 Fonb. Eq. B. 6, ch. 8, § 1, note a. These observations are equally applicable to the subpoena duces tecum. The abuse of the power to compel a discovery is sedulously guarded against in equity jurisprudence, and yet ten-fold greater injury could be inflicted by means of a subpoena duces tecum, if it can compel a sweeping, indiscriminate production and inspection of the papers of any party to the suit, or witness in the trial. If our bill of rights had not guarded the citizen against such an abuse of a judicial process, we would be inclined to apply to this process the wholesome restrictions which equity jurisprudence has placed upon the power of a court of equity to compel a discovery.

¶10The ease of Babcock v. The United States, 3 Dill. 567, relied upon as an authority, as to the sufficiency of the identification of the telegrams, supports the view it is cited to sustain; but vrith the highest respect for the learning and ability of the judges who granted the order for the subpmna in that case, we cannot agree with them. Their opinion, delivered by Judge Dillon, is totally at variance with our convictions on the subject. An interesting article on the questions discussed in this opinion, read by Henry Hitchcock, Esq., of the St. Louis bar, before the American Bar Association, published in the Southern Law Review, No. 4, Vol. 5, (N. S.,) has been of great service to us in our investigations, and is a valuable contribu*97tion on the subject. In the dissenting opinion of Judge Lewis, of the court of appeals, in Ex parte Brown, the question on which he differed from Ms associates (the sufficiency of the identification of telegrams called for), is discussed with great ability and clearness. 7 Mo. App. 494; s. c., 11 Cent. Law Jour. 115. All the forms of this subpoena to be found in works on practice, contain a particular description of the book, or paper or papers, the production of which is commanded, and this strengthens the position that a call for papers generally is insufficient. Our conclusion is, that the petitioner is entitled to his discharge from the custody in which he is held, and it is accordingly ordered that he be discharged.