Tovar v. Cg Billmeyer’s Empirical Analysis
721 F.2d 1260 · 1983
Citation profile
20 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 33 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2003 · most notably City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986), Cinevision Corporation v. City of Burbank Cinevision Corporation (1984)
20 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Miller v. California · Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc. · Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections Butts · Winters v. People of State of New York · Schad v. Borough of Mount Ephraim
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 33 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“a motivating factor in the zoning decision was to restrict plaintiffs' exercise of first amendment rights.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“(1) initially seeks relief in a state court and (2) has the opportunity to raise all his claims, both state and federal, in the state court. This is not the law. England does not so hold. A free and unreserved submission to the state court of all federal claims for complete and final resolution is necessary to bar return to the federal court.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“make factual findings on the validity of the ... assertions of harm and then closely scrutinize the ... ordinance's relationship to prevention of the alleged harms.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.