United States v. Penn’s Empirical Analysis
721 F.2d 762 · 1983
Citation profile
34 federal appellate · 3 district · 38 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 85 later decisions — most recently October 2017 · most notably United States v. Frazier (1994), Commonwealth v. Durling (1990)
34 federal appellate · 3 district · 38 state decisions — followed in 18 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Morrissey v. Brewer · Ohio v. Roberts · Gagnon v. Scarpelli · Dutton v. Evans · Sullivan v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 85 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The court’s finding was a reasonable one, since laboratory reports such as those at issue here are the regular reports of a company whose business it is to conduct such tests. The laboratory expects its clients to act on the basis of its reports, and doctors and hospitals do so act. Although Penn objects to Busby’s testimony summarizing the results of those urine tests, this testimony was in the nature of an outline of what the exhibits themselves actually showed, restating what was contained in the exhibits.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“greatest concern is with the difficulty and expense of procuring witnesses from perhaps thousands of miles away. . . . [W]e did not in Morrissey intend to prohibit use where appropriate of the conventional substitutes, including affidavits, depositions and documentary evidence.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“Generally, a determination of admissibility of evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of an abuse of discretion.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.