United States v. Hafen’s Empirical Analysis
726 F.2d 21 · 1984
Citation profile
60 federal appellate · 11 district · 30 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 112 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2024 · most notably McDowell v. United States (1988), 49 Cal. 3d 502 - People v. Bell (1989)
60 federal appellate · 11 district · 30 state decisions — followed in 17 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1861 (Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968)
Relies on Johnson v. Zerbst · Faretta v. California · Taylor v. Louisiana · Adams v. United States Ex Rel. McCann · Duren v. Missouri
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 112 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“due to systematic exclusion of [Hispanics] in the jury-selection process.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he smaller the group is, the more the comparative disparity figure distorts the proportional representation.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“For example, in an area that had 500,000 whites and only one black eligible to serve as jurors, a random selection system that failed to place the single black on the master wheel would produce a 100 per cent comparative disparity, even though an all-white jury would clearly form a 'fair cross section' of the community.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.