United States v. Orton’s Empirical Analysis
73 F.3d 331 · 1996
Citation profile
36 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 48 later decisions — most recently February 2025 · most notably United States v. Gupta (2006), United States v. Munoz (2000)
36 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (White-Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002) · 18 U.S.C. § 1343
Relies on Tompkins v. Texas · United States v. Kopp · Bozek v. Danning · United States v. Wilson · United States v. Dickler
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 48 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'reasonable estimate of the loss, given the available information.'”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“are not victims for purposes of § 2F1.1. At most, they are unwilling pawns in the Ponzi scheme. These individuals may be exposed to a risk of harm by the Ponzi scheme, but the risk of harm should not be considered in estimating the loss under § 2F1.1. Under § 2F1.1”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“method employed by the court in Holiusa, would tend to understate the total loss. 3 The court stated that detailed findings of losses to individual victims would not be required in every case involving a Ponzi scheme and that the court was required only to make a”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.