majority">Seevers, J.

The deceased was the wife of Abram Peek. They resided on a farm, and their homestead consisted of a sitting-room, bed-room and kitchen. There is a door between the sitting-room and bed-room. On the night of the 4th day of September, 1886, there were two beds in the bed-room^ one in the northeast, and the other in the northwest, corner of the room. Near the latter was a window. On said night there were in the house Mr. and Mrs. Peek and Abram Leonard. They went to bed between 9 and 10 o’clock. Leonard slept in the bed in the northwest corner of the room, and Mr. and Mrs. Peek in the other. Some time in the night, and while Leonard was sleeping, there was a pistol shot, and he was struck by a ball, and another ball passed probably within an inch of him. He remained still for a minute or two, then got up, but before he did so he said, “ I am shot.” Mr. and Mrs. Peek got up before he did. A shot then came in the west window, and Mrs. Peek said, “ I am shot,” and Mr. Peek said, “ I am shot.” A fire was started in the sitting-room. Mr. Peek rushed out and said: “Henry, you d — n son of a b — h, you are going to burn us all up.” Leonard could see in the sitting-room, and he saw the defendant standing by the partition, and said, “ Henry, I see you plainly.” When Peek rushed out'he told Leonard to hold the door, and he said, “ I will put out the fire.” Mr. Peek did not return to the house. Leonard and Mrs. Peek remained in the house until morning, when he aroused the neighbors. The foregoing is, in substance, the evidence of Leonard, who was, then 72 years old.

*471The evidence also tended to show that a fire had been Started in the sitting-room, and that it was extinguished after Mr. Peek left the bed-room. The body of Mi-. Peek was found the next morning not far from the house, and the evidence tended to show that the skull was fracturfed, and it was produced by a blunt instrument, and this was the cause of his death. The deceased was shot in the right cheek. There were powder marks all over her face. She died on the 20th day of September, 1886. A post-mortem examination was held, and a bullet was found in the right side of the brain. The gunshot wound caused her death. The foregoing facts were in no respect, controverted, except that it is claimed that the declarations made by Mrs. Peek were inadmissible.

The only material controverted question was as to whether the defendant was the person who fired the pistol shot which caused the death of Mrs. Peek. Evidence was introduced tending to show that the defendant was at the house on the night in question, which we have not deemed it necessary to set out. A few days prior to the death of Mr. Peek, the defendant, in speaking of him, said: “ G-od damn him! if he don’t pay me I’ll kill him.” A few days before her death, Mrs. Peek made a statement, which was reduced to writing and signed by her. It is as follows. The portion italicized was stricken out by the court, and the residue only was admitted in evidence:

“ "Windsor, September, 16, 1886.

“ Feeling poorly, I make this statement concerning the shooting of Mr. Leonard, Mr. Peek and myself. On, or about the night of the lfh of September, 1888,Mr. Leonard and Mr. Peek had been in town, (West Union,) on business, getting home about sundown. Being late after supper, we persuaded Mr. Leonard to stop over night. Mr. Leonard slept in the same room with Mr. Peek and myself. Mr. Leonard slept in the west bed next to the window; head to the xoest. Mr. Peek and L slept in the east bed; head to the north. .There was a curtain between the-two beds. About 11 o’clock *472we were startled by a shot, and Mr. .Leonard said, ‘O, 1 am shot!’ and then he turned and shot Mr. Peek, and then we shut the door. Mr. Peek said: ‘ For G-od’s sake, woman, what will we do? We are in here without anything to defend ourselves. If we stay in here, we will be burned up; and if we go out we will be killed.’ I told Mr. Peek I would rouse the neighborhood. He said, £ My good woman, if you go out, he will kill you.’ I said, I will go out of the window, and'go up to Mr. Swails, and tell him. When I stuck my head out of the window he shot me. I said to him: ‘ Henry how could you hurt me?’ He said, £I didn’t mean to hurt you, Mrs. Peek.’ Lucretia Peek.”

She also said that the person who inflicted the wounds on her was ££ Henry Schmidt, the boy who worked for us.” To the introduction of the written statement and oral declaration of Mrs. Peek, counsel for the defendant objected, on the ground that it was not shown that they were made under the belief that she soon expected to die. The objections were overruled.

i. chiminat, murlerfres gest;». I. It is insisted by counsel for the defendant that the court erred in admitting .what was said by Mr. Peek when he opened the door between the sitting-room and bed-room. What he.then said tended to show that he then recognized the defendant. The attorney-general insists that what Mr. Peek then said was res gestee, or a part of the transaction, and therefore the evidence was admissible.

What length of time had elapsed after Mrs. Peek was shot before the door was opened and the declaration made does not certainly appear; but it could have been but a few moments. Several pistol shots had been fired, and all of the persons in the house declared they were shot. A fire had been lighted in the adjoining room, and the danger of being burned existed when the door was opened and the declaration made; It seems to us quite clear that the declaration constitutes a part of the transaction, and was clearly admissible in evidence. It is *473true, the pistol shots had been fired a short time before, but the fire was then burning. The danger of being burned actually existed at that time, and the declaration was made in reference to that fact. In Com. v. McPike, 3 Cush., 181, the deceased ran from a room where her husband, the defendant, was, to a room in the same house, a story above the one occupied by herself and husband, and knocked at the door, crying “ Murder ! ” A witness saw the deceased was wounded, and started for a physician. She met the defendant and another witness on the stairs, and the latter went for a watchman, and, uj>on returning, went immediately to the room where the deceased was, and there found her bleeding profusely. She said J ohn (meaning defendant) had stabbed her. The defendant objected to such declaration. The objection was oven’uled, and it was held that the ruling was right, .on the ground that it was so recent after the receiving of the injury ■as to justify the admission of the evidence as a part of the res gestee. (See also, Driscoll v. People, 47 Mich., 413; S. C. 11 N. W. Rep., 221; People v. Vernon, 35 Cal. 49; Harriman v. Stowe, 57 Mo., 93; Travelers' Insurance Co.v. Mosley, 8 Wall., 397; State v. Driscoll, 72 Iowa, 583.) The declaration was admissible in evidence, and therefore, the court l-ightly refused the following instruction asked by the defendant: “It has been testified to that Mr. Peek said in his house, at or about the time the shooting took place: ‘ ITenry, you d — n son of a b — li, you are going to burn us all up.’ Ton are not to consider these words as tending to show that the defendant was present at the shooting, or that he shot Mrs. Peek.” As the evidence was admissible, it follows that it should be considered by the jury. It is true that the declaration does not certainly indicate that Mr. .Peek meant the defendant. He simply designated the person as “ Henry.” The defendant’s Christian name is Henry. This fact, and other evidence in the case, without the semblance of a doubt, was sufficient to warrant the jury in finding that Mr. Peek meant the defendant. The fact that Mr. Leonard *474saw the defendant at the same time, when his opportunities for recognizing him were not as good as Mr. Peek’s, renders it certain beyond a reasonable doubt that the latter also at the time' knew and recognized the defendant.

2. - — :---: ation: foimd&tion for: how laid. II. The settled rule as to the admission of dying declartions is that evidence must be introduced showing that such declarations were made at a time when the declarant expected to soon die. This must amount to L , a conviction. A mere transient or fleeting impression, it will be conceded, is not sufficient. It is the province of the court to determine when this has been sufficiently established. Mrs. Peek' was the mother of three sons, named. John, Fred and Frank Beeker, who were with her almost constantly after she was shot until she died, and Frank testified that she said, on the 8th day of September, that “she was getting very weak, and knew she must die.” “ The day before she died she said: ‘ I am feeling very bad, Frank. Am growing weaker all the time. I know I am dying, and must go.’ We encouraged her all we could. She said, £ No, it’s of no use. I know I must die.’ ”■ Fred testified that “she seemed despondent and positive she was going to die. She seemed to think she had no longer to stay with us. We told her to cheer up ; that perhaps she would recover. She said, ‘ No, children, don’t.think I can live.’ We told her not to give up in that way; try and stay with us. She said she was growing weaker all the time, and knew she could not live much longer. John spoke to her, and said she ought to pray. She said, £ I do pray, John.’” John testified: “My brother Frank said, £Ma, how are you feeling this morning?’ She said, £I am feeling very poorly. I know I must die.-’ We told her to cheer up; she might get better. She said, £ Yes, I would like to live; but I know I must die.’ She said she heard beautiful music, and £ am getting weaker all the time.’ ” The physician that was attending the deceased informed her that such a wound was frequently serious; but he did not inform her it was .necessarily fatal....

*475It clearly appears from the evidence that the deceased never rallied from the shock produced by the pistol shot. At no time did she express the belief or hope that she would get well; but at all times when she gave expression to her belief on the subject she said she could not live, and that she would die. At times the deceased was delirious to some extent. Her condition was of a comatose character; but she knew and recognized the persons present, and expressed herself usually in a rational manner, and seemed to comprehend what she said, and her condition and the character of the wound would natually cause any person to entertain aprehensions that it would prove fatal. We feel constrained to say that the declarations .were admissible in evidence; for it is sufficient if it satisfactorially appears that they were made “ under a sense of impending death,” whether it be proved by the express words of the declarant, or inferred from his evident danger, or the opinion of the medical or other attendants stated to him, or from his conduct or other circumstances of the case, all of which may be resorted to in order to ascertain the state of declarant’s mind.

The length of time which elapsed between the declarations and the declarant’s death furnishes no rule for the admission or rejection of the .evidence, though, in the absence of any better evidence, it may serve as one of the exponents of the deceased’s belief that his dissolution was or was not impending. (1 Greenl. Ev., § 158.) In this case there are the express words of the deceased'that she expected to die, and the character of the wound, and other circumstances, which clearly indicate that such must have been the belief of the deceased. The fact that apart of the declaration was reduced to writing, signed by the deceased, and other declarations established by parol, is- not a valid objection to the admission of the evidence. (1 Greenl. Ev., § 161.)

weight of. III. The court instructed the jury that the “dying declarations of Mrs. Peek are in evidence in the case, entitled to same consideration as if given under oath, atL(j no greater,” and the defendant asked the court to instruct the jury as follows: “In considering the *476dying declarations of Mrs. Peek, you.will take into consideration the fact that they were not made under oath, and that she was not subject to cross-examination; and she states that she met the defendant, and conversed with him, immediately after the wound from which she died was inflicted.” This instruction was refused. The ground on which declarations are deemed admissible in evidence is “ that they are declarations made in extremity, when the party is at the point of death, and when every hope of this world is gone, when every motive to falsehood is silenced, and the mind is induced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth. A situation so solemn and so awful is considered by the law as creating an obligation equal to that which is imposed by a positive oath in a court of justice.” It therefore follows that the instruction given by the court is clearly correct. No authority has been cited which sustains the instruction asked. No rule or principle of law is therein enunciated. It simply states what every juror of ordinary understanding would recognize without any direction from the court. If the instruction had been given, it would not have constituted error, and we think it equally clear that it was not error to refuse it. If it had been given, it is apparent, we think, that it would not have benefited the 'defendant. But, as we have said, it announced no rule of law, but, at most, simply stated a fact.

"We have examined this case with the care its importance demands, and the evidence fully sustains the verdict. We have been unable to find any error in the record, and therefore the judgment of the district court must be

Affirmed.

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