Gross v. State

¶1Julius E. Gross, Jr. was convicted of indecency with a child and assessed punishment of twenty years confinement. On appeal he contends that the trial court erred in refusing to allow the victim to express an opinion as to whether Gross should receive a lenient sentence, in admitting a written inculpatory statement into evidence, and in instructing the jury on the parole laws. We overrule these contentions and affirm the judgment.

¶2The State proved that Gross committed consensual sexual acts with a minor. At the punishment stage of the trial, Gross attempted to have the victim give his opinion that Gross should be given a lenient sentence, specifically the minimum sentence of two years. The trial court sustained the State’s objection to the proffered opinion.1

¶3The opinions of nonexpert witnesses are not admissible in criminal cases unless they are rationally based upon the witnesses’ perception of the facts, and are helpful to clearly understand their testimony or to assist the fact finder in determin*106ing a fact in issue. Tex.R.Crim.Evid. 701.2 In any event, such opinions are not admissible if they are legal conclusions, or if they amount to little more than the witnesses’ choosing sides as to how the case should ultimately be decided. See Boyde v. State, 513 S.W.2d 588 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Spaulding v. State, 505 S.W.2d 919 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Villarreal v. State, 429 S.W.2d 508 (Tex.Crim.App.1968); Huffman v. State, 691 S.W.2d 726 (Tex.App.-Austin 1985, no pet.); 24 Tex.Jur.3d Criminal Law §§ 3237, 3238 (1982); see also, United States v. Phillips, 600 F.2d 535 (5th Cir.1979); United States v. Masson, 582 F.2d 961 (5th Cir.1978); Fed.R.Evid. 701. On the question of punishment such opinions have little value, because the witnesses are in no better position to form an opinion than the jury itself, and the allowance of such opinions in evidence would constitute merely an appeal to sympathy or prejudice, and would tend to suggest that the jurors may shift their responsibility to the witnesses. McCormick on Evidence § 12, at 30-31 (3d ed. 1984). The proffered opinion of the minor victim here comes within that category,3 and the trial court correctly refused to admit it. Additionally, we note that three other witnesses, without objection, gave their opinion that Gross should have a “light sentence,” so the excluded evidence would have been cumulative in any event.

¶4Gross surrendered to the officers on October 19 and was taken before a magistrate where he was given his Miranda4 warnings and bond was set. He was then incarcerated in the Morris County jail. On the next day, he was interviewed by an officer who again read him his rights. At that point Gross signed a written statement relating events which transpired at the time of the alleged offense, but which did not expressly admit the offense charged against him. On October 22, Gross gave a second statement to Sheriff Joe Skipper which made some corrections in the first statement and in which he admitted the act charged against him. Gross contends that the second statement should not have been admitted into evidence because before making it he had requested the assistance of an attorney.

¶5The trial court conducted a Jackson v. Denno5 hearing and filed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the effect that Gross freely and intelligently waived all of his rights, including the right to counsel, and that the second statement was voluntarily given.

¶6The evidence at the hearing was conflicting. Gross testified that he asked for an attorney after the first statement but before the second one, and that he was told by the officers that he would have to wait until a judge could appoint an attorney for him. Four witnesses, including Sheriff Skipper who took the second statement, all testified that Gross was fully advised of his right to have an attorney and to terminate the interview, and that he never requested either.

¶7In his brief, Gross places great importance upon the testimony of some of the officers that when an inmate requested to talk to an attorney all they did was let him use the telephone, and that they never secured an attorney for anyone. However, the entire testimony of Sheriff Skipper and the others made clear their contention that Gross never requested an attorney, and if he had done so they would have immediately terminated the interview and any further questioning.

¶8The trial judge is the judge of the credibility of the testimony in a Jackson v. Denno hearing. White v. State, 591 S.W.2d 851 (Tex.Crim.App.1979); Aranda v. State, 506 S.W.2d 221 (Tex.Crim.App.*1071974). There is sufficient evidence in this case to support the trial judge’s finding that Gross waived his right to counsel before giving the second statement.

¶9Gross also challenges the trial court’s instructions to the jury regarding the law of parole as violating the separation of powers doctrine of the Texas Constitution. We agree with our sister courts that the instructions are not unconstitutional and do not violate the separation of powers doctrine. See Sanders v. State, 727 S.W.2d 670 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1987, no pet.); Rose v. State, 724 S.W.2d 832 (Tex.App.-Dallas, 1986, pet. granted); Joslin v. State, 722 S.W.2d 725 (Tex.App.-Dallas, 1986, no pet.); Patton v. State, 717 S.W.2d 772 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1986, no pet.).

¶10For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

¶11I join in the majority’s decision but disagree with the majority’s apparent conclusion that an application of Rule 701 requires exclusion of the victim’s opinion testimony that Gross should be given a lenient sentence.1

¶12Cases such as Boyde v. State, 513 S.W.2d 588 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Spaulding v. State, 505 S.W.2d 919 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); and Villarreal v. State, 429 S.W.2d 508 (Tex.Crim.App.1968), decided more than a decade before the adoption of the Rules, are not persuasive authority for interpreting the Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence. The cited sections of Texas Jurisprudence 3d provide no authority for interpreting the Rules because they predate the Rules. Further, the cited sections seem barely relevant, and do not purport to address the Rules. McCormick on Evidence § 11 (3d ed. 1984), in discussing lay opinions — like the one excluded below— provides:

[Ojpinions of laymen should be rejected only when they are superfluous in the sense that they will be of no value to the jury. The value of opinions to the jury is the principal test of Federal Rule of Evidence and Revised Uniform Rule of Evidence (1974) 701.2

¶13To the extent that the majority holds the victim’s opinion concerning an appropriate sentence is inadmissible, under Tex.R.Crim. Evid. 701,1 disagree. Were Rule 701 applicable, I would hold the victim’s opinion admissible within the broad discretion of the trial court. I cannot join in any analysis of the Rules based on a bald assertion that the Rules merely codified the existing law.