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730 S.W.2d 739

McClain v. State

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas

Decided April 29, 1987

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas · decided 1987-04-29

Key passage — most relied on by later courts

“No person can be convicted of a felony except upon the verdict of a jury duly rendered and recorded, unless the defendant, upon entering a plea, has in open court in person waived his right of trial by jury in writing in accordance with Articles 1.13 and 1.14; provided, however, that it shall be necessary for the state to introduce evidence into the record showing the guilt of the defendant and said evidence shall be accepted by the court as the basis for its judgment and in no event shall a person charged be convicted upon his plea without sufficient evidence to support the same. The evidence may be stipulated if the defendant in such case consents in writing, in open court, to waive the appearance, confrontation, and cross-examination of witnesses, and further consents either to an oral stipulation of the evidence and testimony or to the introduction of testimony by affidavits, written statements of witnesses, and any other documentary evidence in support of the judgment of the court. Such waiver and consent [to stipulate] must be approved by the court in writing, and be filed in the file of the papers of the cause.”

quoted by 3 later decisions, including Duran v. State, Wright v. State

Relies on Young v. State · Landers v. State · McClain v. State

Good law ✅— No negative treatment on recordhow we know

Decided 1987-04-29

How this case has been cited

Cited by 19 later decisions — most recently June 2013

19 state decisions

701987199020002010decided

Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.

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CLINTON, Judge,

¶1concurring.

¶2Wordy as it is, the opinion of the Court is correct in its germane findings regarding the written waiver and consent by defendant under Article 1.15, V.A.C.C.P. I write to address further the opinion of the Court of Appeals, and then to comment on a matter of procedure suggested by Article 1.15.

¶3The Court of Appeals observed that Article 1.15 “does not require that approval by the court in writing be placed upon the face of the instrument being approved.” McClain and Navarro, 697 S.W.2d 807 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st] 1985). The statute is not readily susceptible to that interpretation, and in Young v. State, 648 S.W.2d 6 (Tex.Cr.App.1983), the Court said *744that “the printed [consent and waiver] form becomes a writing of the court only when the judge places his signature on it.” Id., at 7. (All emphasis is mine throughout unless otherwise noted.) Granted the Court there was dealing with a form waiver and consent and not a separate approval in writing claimed to comply with Article 1.15, still the practice has long been to show written approval by the court on the waiver and consent form itself. See, e.g., Landers v. State, 720 S.W.2d 538, 540, n. 3 (Tex.Cr.App.1986).

¶4We would be hardpressed to find the Legislature contemplated the judge of a trial court could disdain the written waiver and consent in order to indicate approval on some other paper. That procedure, as well as creating a risk that the latter paper may not be “filed in the file of the papers of the cause,” as the Court has always held a written approval must be, seems terribly impractical, mighty inconvenient and somewhat wasteful.

¶5But even if the judge may cause the trial court to “approve in writing” on another paper a written waiver and consent, the same must still be filed among the papers of the cause. Here there is just a docket sheet entry, and it is not filed as the statute requires: “in the file of the papers of the cause.”

¶6Turning to the opinion of this Court, there is also a similar question lurking about but not answered. Judge Teague writes for the Court that defendant’s written waiver and consent “must be approved in writing by the trial judge.” PP. 742 and 743. Landers v. State, supra, said Article 1.15 “requires” that a waiver and consent be “signed and approved by the trial court.” Neither opinion, nor so far as I have found has any opinion of the Court, dictates WHEN in the course of reviewing and approving a written waiver and consent a judge must do the “writing,” and cause the written approval of the trial court to be filed among the papers of the cause.

¶7One reason for requiring approval is that the court is, in effect, accepting the stipulated evidence as a (if not the) basis for its judgment against an accused; that approval must be in writing is, as the Houston (1st) Court correctly discerned from the Special Commentary to Article 1.15, “to provide a permanent record in the event of any future question_ as to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the defendant’s plea or support the count’s judgment.” So it occurs to me that the last sentence of Article 1.15 may be construed to permit a trial judge orally to approve a written waiver and consent to signify the stipulated evidence will be accepted — as many judges already do during admonishment and taking a plea — and later memorialize approval of the court by signing the same waiver and consent paper, then to be filed among the papers of the cause. Of course, it cannot be claimed that was done here.

¶8With those observations I concur with the reversal, but would order an acquittal rather remand to the trial court.

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