United States v. Freeman’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

7 federal appellate · 3 district · 2 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 32 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “[A]t the time the officers initially approached Freeman, they did not have reasonable suspicion to stop him ... As the police lacked reasonable suspicion, Freeman certainly had the right to ignore the officers and continue on his way. Freeman merely continued walking in the same direction, and ostensibly at the same pace, as the police never contended otherwise. If we accepted the government's argument that such a simple refusal to comply could create reasonable suspicion where none existed before, we would create a truly paradoxical class of individuals: individuals who cannot be stopped by officers, but who can be stopped if they refuse to stop.”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
   e.g. Gunter v. Cicero · 37 F. Supp. 3d 601 - United States v. Singletary

2. “through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police officer on the scene, guided by his experience and training,”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Lucas · United States v. Campbell

3. “supported by articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot,”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Lucas · United States v. Campbell