United States v. Windle’s Empirical Analysis
74 F.3d 997 · 1996
Citation profile
29 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 62 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably United States v. Green (1999), United States v. Brown (2003)
29 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3742 · 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 1291
Relies on Faretta v. California · Nichols v. United States · Hiatt v. Indiana State Student Assistance Commission · Lewis v. Adamson · United States v. Beaulieu
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 62 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Once the government establishes the existence of a conviction, the defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the conviction was constitutionally infirm”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Prior sentences, not otherwise excluded, are to be counted in the criminal history score, including uncounseled misdemeanor sentences where imprisonment was not imposed.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“prior uncounseled misdemeanor convictions that are themselves constitutional may be used to enhance punishment for subsequent convictions.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.