United States v. Todaro’s Empirical Analysis
744 F.2d 5 · 1984
Citation profile
15 federal appellate · 1 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 25 later decisions — most recently February 2014 · most notably United States v. Ebbers (2006), United States v. Pinto (1988)
15 federal appellate · 1 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 26 U.S.C. § 7201 · 26 U.S.C. § 7206
Relies on Holland v. United States · Bowsher v. Merck & Co. · Barefoot v. Estelle · Murzyn v. United States · Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 25 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“First, the district court must find that the government, through its own overreaching, has forced the witness to invoke the Fifth Amendment or, that the government has engaged in discriminatory use of grants of immunity to gain a tactical advantage; second, the witness’ testimony must be material, exculpatory and not cumulative; and third, the defendant has no other source to obtain the evidence.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“the government has engaged in discriminatory use of immunity to gain a tactical advantage or, through its own over-reaching, has forced the witness to invoke the fifth amendment.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“'[t]rial judges should summarily reject claims for defense witness immunity whenever the witness for whom immunity is sought is an actual or potential target of prosecution'”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.