Baker v. Putnal’s Empirical Analysis
75 F.3d 190 · 1996
Citation profile
42 federal appellate · 2 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 353 later decisions — most recently February 2025 · most notably Allen v. Muskogee (1997), Norman Charles Oliver v. Wayne Scott, et al. (2002)
42 federal appellate · 2 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Scheuer v. Rhodes · Anderson v. Creighton · City of Canton v. Harris · Malley v. Briggs
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 353 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“First, the court must determine whether the plaintiff has alleged a violation of a clearly established constitutional right. [Citations omitted.] If the plaintiff fails this step, the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity. If [he] is successful, the issue becomes the objective legal reasonableness of the defendant's conduct under the circumstances.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) the training or ... [supervising] procedures of the municipality’s policymaker were inadequate, (2) the municipality’s policymaker was deliberately indifferent in adopting the ... training [or supervising] policy, and (3) the inadequate ... training [or supervising] policy directly caused the plaintiffs’ injury.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“it is the law of this circuit that individuals who are within the class of people entitled to recover under Texas’s wrongful death statute have standing to sue under § 1983”); Rhyne, 973 F.2d at 391 (concluding that § 1988 incorporates Texas’s wrongful death statute and that a plaintiff parent may recover”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.